CLAT 2008 Question Paper(Available):Download Solutions with Answer Key

The writer decided to go to university and study Zoology because

• (A) she wanted to improve her life in the countryside
• (B) she was persuaded to do so by her grandmother
• (C) she was keen on the natural world
• (D) she wanted to stop moving around all the time

Why did she get her first camera?

• (a) she needed to be able to look back at what she had seen
• (b) she wanted to find out if she enjoyed photography
• (c) her father thought it was a good idea for her to have one
• (d) she wanted to learn how to use one and develop her own prints

She did more black and white photography than colour because

• (a) she did not like colour photograph
• (b) she did not have a good camera
• (c) she wanted quality photograph
• (d) she didn’t have much money in those days

How is she different from some of the other wildlife photographers she meets?

• (a) she tries to make her photographs as attractive as possible
• (b) she takes photographs which record accurate natural conditions
• (c) she likes to photograph plants as well as wildlife
• (d) she knows the best places to find wildlife

Which does ‘them’ refer to in the 7^th line in paragraph 3?

• (a) sea creatures
• (b) attractive pools
• (c) seaweeds
• (d) natural surroundings

What the writer means by ‘ignorance in people’s behaviour’ is

• (a) altering things deliberately
• (b) people suddenly rushing up to animals
• (c) people taking photographs of wild animals
• (d) people not thinking about the animals in the first place

The writer now finds it more difficult to photograph wild animals because

• (a) there are fewer of them
• (b) they have become more nervous of people
• (c) it is harder to find suitable places
• (d) they have become frightened of cars

Wildlife photography is important because it can make people realize that

• (a) photography is an enjoyable hobby
• (b) we learn little about wildlife at school
• (c) it is worthwhile visiting the countryside
• (d) wildlife photographs educate people about wild animals

Why is she more patient now?

• (a) she does other things while waiting
• (b) she has got used to waiting
• (c) she can concentrate better than she used to
• (d) she knows the result will be worth it

Which of the following describes the writer?

• (a) proud
• (b) sensitive
• (c) aggressive
• (d) disappointed

Three of the four words are spelt wrongly. Select the correctly spelt word.

• (a) acquintence
• (b) acquintence
• (c) acquaintance
• (d) acquintance

Three of the four words are spelt wrongly. Select the correctly spelt word.

• (a) neglegence
• (b) neagligence
• (c) negligance
• (d) negligence

Three of the four words are spelt wrongly. Select the correctly spelt word.

• (a) grivance
• (b) grevance
• (c) grievance
• (d) grievence

Three of the four words are spelt wrongly. Select the correctly spelt word.

• (a) herarchical
• (b) hierarchical
• (c) herechical
• (d) hiererctical

Three of the four words are spelt wrongly. Select the correctly spelt word.

• (a) garanter
• (b) garantor
• (c) guaranter
• (d) guarantor

They live on a busy road \dots\dots\dots\dots\dots a lot of noise from the traffic.

• (a) It must be
• (b) it must have
• (c) there must have
• (d) there must be

The more electricity you use \dots\dots\dots\dots\dots

• (a) your bill will be higher
• (b) will be higher your bill
• (c) the higher your bill will be
• (d) higher your bill will be

Ben likes walking \dots\dots\dots\dots\dots

• (a) Every morning he walks to work
• (b) He walks to work every morning
• (c) he walks every morning to work
• (d) he every morning walks to work

It’s two years \dots\dots\dots\dots Sophie.

• (a) that I don’t see
• (b) that I haven’t seen
• (c) since I didn’t see
• (d) since I last saw

What was the problem? Why \dots\dots\dots\dots leave early?

• (a) have you to
• (b) did you have to
• (c) must you
• (d) you had to

Nobody believed Ann at first, but he \dots\dots\dots to be right.

• (a) worked out
• (b) came out
• (c) found out
• (d) turned out

We can’t \dots\dots\dots\dots making a decision. We have to decide now.

• (a) put away
• (b) put over
• (c) put off
• (d) put out

The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage \dots\dots\dots\dots the other car.

• (a) of
• (b) for
• (c) to
• (d) on

I really object \dots\dots\dots\dots people smoking in my house.

• (a) to
• (b) about
• (c) for
• (d) on

A contract may be \dots\dots\dots\dots\dots if the court finds there has been misinterpretation of the facts.

• (a) restrained
• (b) rescinded
• (c) compelled
• (d) conferred

(Jumbled Sentences) Arrange the following to form the best-ordered paragraph.

(i) The Super tag scanner could revolutionize the way people shop, virtually eradicating supermarket queues.

(ii) The face of retailing will change even more rapidly when the fiber-optic networks being built by cable-TV companies begin to be more widely used.

(iii) The scanner would have a double benefit for supermarkets—removing the bottleneck that frustrates most customers and reducing the number of checkout staff.

(iv) An electronic scanner which can read the entire contents of a supermarket trolley at a glance has just been developed.

• (a) ii, i, iii, iv
• (b) iv, i, iii, ii
• (c) iv, iii, ii, i
• (d) iii, i, iv, ii

UNIT II — Arrange the sentences to form the best-ordered paragraph.

(i) Of course, modern postal services now are much more sophisticated and faster, relying as they do on motor vehicles and planes.

(ii) Indeed, the ancient Egyptians had a system for sending letters from about 2000 BC, as did the Zhou dynasty in China a thousand years later.

(iii) Letters were, and are, sent by some form of postal service, the history of which goes back a long way.

(iv) For centuries, the only form of written correspondence was the letter.

• (a) ii, i, iii, iv
• (b) iv, i, iii, ii
• (c) iv, iii, ii, i
• (d) iii, i, iv, ii

UNIT III — Arrange the sentences to form the best-ordered paragraph.

(i) Converting money into several currencies in the course of one trip can also be quite expensive, given that banks and bureaux de change charge commission on the transaction.

(ii) Trying to work out the value of the various notes and coins can be quite a strain, particularly if you are visiting more than one country.

(iii) Travel can be very exciting, but it can also be rather complicated.

(iv) One of these complications is, undoubtedly, foreign currency.

• (a) ii, i, iii, iv
• (b) iv, i, iii, ii
• (c) iv, iii, ii, i
• (d) iii, i, iv, ii

UNIT IV — Arrange the sentences to form the best-ordered paragraph.

(i) She will be right about three—curiosity, freckles, and doubt—but wrong about love.

(ii) “Four of the things I’d be better without: Love, curiosity, freckles, and doubt.”

(iii) Love is indispensable in life.

(iv) So wrote Dorothy Parker, the American writer.

• (a) ii, i, iii, iv
• (b) iv, i, iii, ii
• (c) ii, iii, i, i
• (d) iii, i, iv, ii

UNIT V — Arrange the sentences to form the best-ordered paragraph.

(i) This clearly indicates that the brains of men and women are organized differently in the way they process speech.

(ii) Difference in the way men and women process language is of special interest to brain researchers.

(iii) However women are more likely than men to suffer aphasia when the front part of the brain is damaged.

(iv) It has been known that aphasia — a kind of speech disorder — is more common in men than in women when the left side of the brain is damaged in an accident or after a stroke.

• (a) ii, i, iii, iv
• (b) iv, i, iii, ii
• (c) iv, iii, ii, i
• (d) iii, i, iv, ii

Down, aside, about, forth — choose one word that combines with each to form familiar verb phrases.

• (a) set \hspace{0.2cm} (b) fly \hspace{0.2cm} (c) burn \hspace{0.2cm} (d) lake

Over, about, after, at — choose one word that combines with each to form familiar verb phrases.

• (a) cross \hspace{0.2cm} (b) lay \hspace{0.2cm} (c) here \hspace{0.2cm} (d) go

Forward, across, around, upon — choose one word that combines with each to form familiar verb phrases.

• (a) straight \hspace{0.2cm} (b) come \hspace{0.2cm} (c) fast \hspace{0.2cm} (d) mark

In, down, for, out — choose the one word that forms a familiar verb phrase with \emph{each} of these prepositions.

• (a) pray
• (b) try
• (c) grow
• (d) stand

Away, through, up, down — choose the one word that forms a familiar verb phrase with \emph{each} of these.

• (a) stay
• (b) come
• (c) break
• (d) speak

Prima facie — choose the correct meaning.

• (a) The most important
• (b) that which comes first
• (c) at first view
• (d) the face that is young

Sine die — choose the correct meaning.

• (a) without setting a fixed day
• (b) by voice vote
• (c) applying mathematical concepts to solve a difficult problem
• (d) signing legal document before death

Bona fide — choose the correct meaning.

• (a) identification card
• (b) without doubt
• (c) in good faith
• (d) indispensable condition

Status quo — choose the correct meaning.

• (a) legally valid
• (b) present condition
• (c) social position
• (d) side remarks

De jure — choose the correct meaning.

• (a) here and there
• (b) as per law
• (c) small details
• (d) side remarks

The Supreme Court of India upheld the decision to implement the quota for OBCs in higher educational institutions, but excluded the “creamy layer”. The reason is:

• (a) Creamy layer is not an OBC; it is a forward caste
• (b) Creamy layer is politically powerful
• (c) It can compete with others on equal footing
• (d) The inclusion of creamy layer would be unjust

Hedge fund is a fund

• (a) used for absorbing inflation
• (b) used for cushioning health risks
• (c) applied to minimize the risk of financial market transactions
• (d) applied for absorbing the risk in commodity trading

What does a strong Rupee (against the dollar) generally mean for India?

• (a) There is a Balance of Payments surplus
• (b) Indian economy is globally respected
• (c) It is a sign of economic buoyancy
• (d) Income from exports is falling

Name the latest State that declared independence in 2008.

• (a) Serbia \hspace{0.4cm} (b) Kosovo \hspace{0.4cm} (c) Kurdistan \hspace{0.4cm} (d) Tibet

Name the Finance Minister who presented the highest number of Union Budgets in Parliament (as asked in this paper).

• (a) P. Chidambaram \hspace{0.4cm} (b) Morarji Desai \hspace{0.4cm} (c) Manmohan Singh \hspace{0.4cm} (d) T. T. Krishnamachari

Who was the Chairman of the 13^th Finance Commission constituted in 2007?

• (a) Vijay Kelkar \hspace{0.4cm} (b) C. Rangarajan \hspace{0.4cm} (c) Ashok Lahiri \hspace{0.4cm} (d) K. C. Pant

Indo–U.S. nuclear deal was opposed in Parliament mainly because

• (a) all Indian nuclear reactors would fall under American supervision
• (b) nuclear energy sector will be dominated by American corporations
• (c) nuclear relations between India and the U.S.A. will be governed by the Hyde Act
• (d) the USA will dictate Indian policies

The Indian industrialist who bought Tipu Sultan’s sword in a London auction was

• (a) Vijay Mallya \hspace{0.4cm} (b) Anil Ambani \hspace{0.4cm} (c) Amar Singh \hspace{0.4cm} (d) Lakshmi Mittal

The contentious Baglihar Dam is built on the river

• (a) Indus \hspace{0.4cm} (b) Jhelum \hspace{0.4cm} (c) Chenab \hspace{0.4cm} (d) Satluj

Which country had its richest man as head of government?

• (a) The USA \hspace{0.4cm} (b) Italy \hspace{0.4cm} (c) Saudi Arabia \hspace{0.4cm} (d) Russia

Who is the person known as the Father of Modern Indian Retail Trade?

• (a) Mukesh Ambani
• (b) Kishore Biyani
• (c) Aditya Birla
• (d) Anil Ambani

The largest software service company in Asia is

• (a) WIPRO
• (b) INFOSYS
• (c) Tata Consultancy Services
• (d) Satyam Computers

Taikonaut means

• (a) a character in comic strips
• (b) a character in Russian opera
• (c) astronaut in China
• (d) a delicious Japanese dish

The CEO of Microsoft Corporation is

• (a) Bill Gates
• (b) Warren Buffett
• (c) Steve Ballmer
• (d) John Wallace

The country which stands for Gross National Happiness (as a development philosophy) is

• (a) Sweden
• (b) Switzerland
• (c) Bhutan
• (d) Finland

The highest paid head of government in the world (at the time of this paper) is in

• (a) The USA
• (b) Russian Federation
• (c) Singapore
• (d) Japan

The current impasse in the Doha Round of WTO Negotiations is centered around

• (a) access to cheaper drugs
• (b) access to market of developed countries
• (c) agricultural subsidies provided by developed countries
• (d) removal of non-tariff barriers

The phenomenon called “Equinox” is due to the

• (a) rotation of the Earth on its own axis
• (b) revolution of the Earth on its inclined axis
• (c) oblate–spheroid shape of the Earth
• (d) gravitational pull of the planet

The Director-General of the World Trade Organization is

• (a) Renalto Ruggiero
• (b) Pascal Lamy
• (c) Arthur Dunkell
• (d) Oliver Long

Capital account convertibility signifies

• (a) guaranteeing the right to investment to foreigners
• (b) ensuring the right of buyers to make international payments
• (c) ensuring free international movement of capital
• (d) ensuring the right of an individual to invest in foreign capital markets

The purpose of the Kyoto Protocol is

• (a) to promote tourism
• (b) to contribute sustainable development
• (c) to promote renewable sources of energy
• (d) to put a limit on greenhouse gas emissions by states

What do carbon credits signify?

• (a) Credits given in the course of carbon products sales
• (b) Entitlements to emit certain quantity of greenhouse gases
• (c) Permissible amount of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
• (d) The extent of carbon required to ensure sustainable development

The practice of selling goods in a foreign country at a price below their domestic selling price is called

• (a) discrimination
• (b) dumping
• (c) double pricing
• (d) predatory pricing

Which of the following is considered the bulwark of personal freedom?

• (a) Mandamus
• (b) Habeas Corpus
• (c) Certiorari
• (d) Quo Warranto

\emph{Vande Mataram} is composed by

• (a) Rabindranath Tagore
• (b) Sharatchandra Chatterji
• (c) Bankimchandra Chatterjee
• (d) Surendranath Banerjee

How many minutes does local time vary per degree of longitude from Greenwich time?

• (a) Four minutes
• (b) Two minutes
• (c) Eight minutes
• (d) Ten minutes

Article 1 of the Indian Constitution defines India as a

• (a) Federal State
• (b) Unitary State
• (c) Union of States
• (d) Quasi-Federal State

Which is the highest body that approves Five Year Plans in India (Planning Commission era)?

• (a) Parliament
• (b) Planning Commission
• (c) National Development Council
• (d) Council of Ministers

The economist who first scientifically determined national income in India is

• (a) Dr. D. R. Gadgil
• (b) Dr. V. K. R. V. Rao
• (c) Dr. Manmohan Singh
• (d) Dr. Y. V. Alagh

Which of the following is the largest peninsula in the world?

• (a) Indian Peninsula
• (b) Arabian Peninsula
• (c) Malay Peninsula
• (d) Chinese Peninsula

The person responsible for the economic model for Indian Planning is

• (a) Jawaharlal Nehru
• (b) P. C. Mahalanobis
• (c) Tarlok Singh
• (d) V. T. Krishnamachari

Social Forestry aims at

• (a) Ensuring fuel and forest produce to weaker sections
• (b) Medicinal and fruit plantation
• (c) Large scale afforestation
• (d) Scientific forestry

The Great Barrier Reef refers to

• (a) Coral formation
• (b) Tidal waves
• (c) Hill range
• (d) Man-made walls

A nautical mile is equal to

• (a) 1825 metres
• (b) 2000 metres
• (c) 1575 metres
• (d) 2050 metres

Which of the following is concerned with land forms?

• (a) Geology
• (b) Geomorphology
• (c) Ecology
• (d) Geography

The country known as the \emph{Land of the Midnight Sun} is

• (a) Sweden
• (b) Norway
• (c) Finland
• (d) Denmark

The monk who spread Buddhism in Tibet and the Far East is

• (a) Ananda
• (b) Nagarjuna
• (c) Padmasambhava
• (d) Mahendra

TRIPS, a WTO agreement, is intended

• (a) to provide for stronger patent protection
• (b) to promote transnational corporate interests
• (c) to harmonize IPR regime internationally
• (d) to replace the World Intellectual Property Organization

The carbon dating method is used to determine the age of

• (a) Rocks
• (b) Fossils
• (c) Trees
• (d) Ancient monuments

The Managing Director of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) was

• (a) Chairman of Indian Railway Board
• (b) Lt. Governor of Delhi
• (c) C. Sreedharan
• (d) Sheela Dikshit

18 carat gold signifies

• (a) 18 parts of gold and 82 parts of other metal
• (b) 18 parts of gold and 6 parts of other metal
• (c) 82 parts of gold and 18 parts of other metal
• (d) None of the above

The Bali Road Map adopted in December 2007 provides for

• (a) fixation of greenhouse gas emission limits
• (b) launching of an adaptation fund
• (c) amendment to UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
• (d) special and differential treatment for developing countries

Enriched uranium, used in a nuclear reactor, is

• (a) uranium freed of all impurities
• (b) uranium treated with radiation
• (c) uranium mixed with isotopes
• (d) uranium alloy with aluminium

The scientist responsible for developing atomic energy in India is

• (a) C. V. Raman
• (b) H. J. Bhabha
• (c) H. K. Sethna
• (d) Vikram Sarabhai

Salwa Judum, practised in certain places in India, refers to

• (a) witchcraft
• (b) arming civilians to fight militants
• (c) training civilians in the use of firearms
• (d) training civilians to be home guards

Indian who won the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 2007:

• (a) Arun Roy
• (b) P. Sainath
• (c) Medha Patkar
• (d) Ruth Manorama

The person who won the Jawaharlal Nehru Award (for International Understanding) in 2007:

• (a) Lula da Silva
• (b) Hugo Chávez
• (c) Aung San Suu Kyi
• (d) Fidel Castro

Free Trade Area means:

• (a) The area where anything can be bought and sold
• (b) Countries between whom trade barriers have been substantially reduced
• (c) Countries which have common external tariff
• (d) Countries which have common currency

Affirmative action in the Indian context signifies:

• (a) providing security to weaker sections
• (b) welfare measures to alleviate the sufferings of poor people
• (c) providing positive opportunities to deprived sections
• (d) giving incentives to start industries

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are:

• (a) the places where industries can operate without any control
• (b) the places wherein any person can start any industry
• (c) the places where industries get certain tax advantages
• (d) the places wherein the national labour laws do not apply

The space shuttle which successfully carried Sunita Williams to space:

• (a) Challenger
• (b) Atlantis
• (c) Discovery
• (d) Columbus

The leader who led the country in atoning for the past wrongs:

• (a) John Howard
• (b) Desmond Tutu
• (c) Kevin Rudd
• (d) Jimmy Carter

Gandhiji expounded his economic ideas in

• (a) Hindu Swaraj
• (b) My Experiments with Truth
• (c) Unto the Last
• (d) Economics of Permanence

Bio-fuels have become controversial because

• (a) they increase environmental pollution
• (b) they slow down industrialization
• (c) they reduce food cultivation
• (d) they lead to degeneration of soil

Ever-greening of patents means

• (a) granting patents in perpetuity
• (b) granting patents for 100 years
• (c) granting protection to incremental inventions having no substantial significance
• (d) patenting of green technology

By signing which pact with Gandhiji did Dr. Ambedkar give up his demand for separate electorates?

• (a) Poona Pact
• (b) Aligarh Pact
• (c) Deccan Pact
• (d) Delhi Pact

India earns maximum foreign exchange from the export of

• (a) Garments
• (b) Jute
• (c) Gems and Jewelleries
• (d) Light engineering goods

Sunita Williams, renowned astronaut of Indian origin, spent a record of \dots days in space

• (a) 195
• (b) 185
• (c) 200
• (d) 160

The second biggest greenhouse–gas emitter (after the USA) in the world is

• (a) Russia
• (b) Germany
• (c) China
• (d) Japan

The author of the management principle “In a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence” is

• (a) Prof. Ducker
• (b) Prof. J. Peter
• (c) Prof. C. H. Prahlad
• (d) Prof. Schmitthoff

The World Trade Organization was earlier known as

• (a) UNCTAD
• (b) GATT
• (c) UNIDO
• (d) UNCITRAL

The “Wailing Wall” is associated with

• (a) Christians
• (b) Bahais
• (c) Jews
• (d) Shias

An Education Minister who got Bharat Ratna in India was

• (a) G. B. Pant
• (b) M. C. Chagla
• (c) Abul Kalam Azad
• (d) Humayun Kabir

Why is the Ozone Layer important?

• (a) It absorbs greenhouse gases
• (b) It protects Earth from ultraviolet radiation
• (c) It maintains Earth’s temperature
• (d) It is a buffer against extra-terrestrial hazards

The world’s largest river is

• (a) Brahmaputra
• (b) Amazon
• (c) Nile
• (d) Mississippi

Tsunami is caused by

• (a) plate tectonics
• (b) underwater ridges
• (c) underwater volcanic activity
• (d) pressure from Earth’s core

The Chipko movement is associated with

• (a) preventing the felling of trees
• (b) afforestation
• (c) transparency in public life
• (d) sustainable development

The first Great Indian Empire was

• (a) Magadha Empire
• (b) Kuru Empire
• (c) Pandava Empire
• (d) Gandhara Empire

The first President of the Indian National Congress was

• (a) A. O. Hume
• (b) W. C. Banerji
• (c) Dadabhai Naoroji
• (d) Pherozeshah Mehta

The Mughal king who gave permission to establish the East India Company in India was

• (a) Jahangir
• (b) Aurangzeb
• (c) Shahjahan
• (d) Sher Shah

The person who \emph{conceptualized} the idea of Pakistan was

• (a) M. A. Jinnah
• (b) Hakim Ajmal Khan
• (c) Mohammad Iqbal
• (d) Liaquat Ali Khan

The Khilafat Movement in India was organized

• (a) for getting a Muslim homeland
• (b) as a protest against British suppression of the Turks
• (c) to preserve the Turkish Empire with the Caliph as temporal head
• (d) as a protest against communal politics

The pattern of Centre–State relations in India can be traced back to

• (a) The U.S. Constitution
• (b) The Government of India Act, 1935
• (c) Motilal Nehru Committee Report
• (d) Ambedkar’s vision

The Indian who played a very important role in the world communist movement was

• (a) Jyoti Basu
• (b) M. N. Roy
• (c) A. K. Gopalan
• (d) Prakash Karat

The first recipient of the Jnanpith Award was

• (a) Amrita Pritam
• (b) Dinkar
• (c) D. V. Gundappa
• (d) G. Sankara Kurup

Name the winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize for Literature.

• (a) Dorris Lessing
• (b) V. S. Naipaul
• (c) Doras Lessing
• (d) Salman Raushdie

Plea bargaining is

• (a) permissible in India
• (b) illegal in India
• (c) mandatory in India
• (d) allowed subject to the permission of the court

The person appointed by two parties to settle a dispute is known as

• (a) Judge
• (b) Arbitrator
• (c) Solicitor
• (d) Conciliator

Right to travel is a fundamental right under

• (a) Article 19 of the Constitution
• (b) Article 21 of the Constitution
• (c) Article 14 of the Constitution
• (d) None of the above

Genetically modified seeds have become controversial mainly because of

• (a) adverse impact on human health
• (b) adverse impact on flora around
• (c) adverse impact on the ozone layer
• (d) emission of greenhouse gases

Legal aid for an accused is

• (a) Fundamental right
• (b) Legal right
• (c) Directive Principles of State Policy
• (d) Discretion of State

The members of the Constituent Assembly who framed the Constitution were

• (a) directly elected by the people
• (b) indirectly elected
• (c) nominated
• (d) appointed by political parties

Ambedkar acted in the Constituent Assembly as

• (a) President of the Assembly
• (b) Chairman of the Drafting Committee
• (c) the leading spokesman of weaker sections
• (d) a strong defender of fundamental rights

In India, international treaties are ratified by

• (a) Parliament
• (b) President
• (c) Prime Minister
• (d) The Union Cabinet

It is a constitutional requirement that Parliament shall meet at least

• (a) twice in a year
• (b) thrice in a year
• (c) once in a year
• (d) none of the above

The Governor of a State can be removed by

• (a) impeachment by State Legislature
• (b) the President
• (c) by the State Cabinet
• (d) the Union Government at the request of the Chief Minister

Sovereignty under the Constitution belongs to

• (a) the Parliament
• (b) the People
• (c) the Supreme Court
• (d) the President along with Parliament

The Supreme Court upheld the Mandal Commission Report in

• (a) \emph{Bommai v. Union of India}
• (b) \emph{Indra Sawhney v. Union of India}
• (c) \emph{Unnikrishnan v. Union of India}
• (d) \emph{Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India}

Under our Constitution, the right to property is

• (a) a fundamental right
• (b) basic structure of the Constitution
• (c) Constitutional right
• (d) a mere legal right

The Chairman of the Sixth Pay Commission was

• (a) Justice B. N. Srikrishna
• (b) Justice Ratnavel Pandian
• (c) Justice Jagannatha Shetty
• (d) Justice A. K. Majumdar

Right to education emanates from

• (a) right to culture and education under Articles 29 and 30
• (b) right to equality under Article 14
• (c) freedom of speech \& expression under Article 19
• (d) right to life and personal liberty under Article 21

The International Court of Justice is

• (a) an independent international institution
• (b) a principal organ of the U.N.O.
• (c) a subsidiary organ of the U.N.O.
• (d) an European Institution

The Liberhan Commission, which received repeated extensions, has been inquiring into:

• (a) Godhra riots
• (b) Mumbai riot
• (c) demolition of Babri Masjid
• (d) killing of Sikhs in Delhi

The Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act was repealed by:

• (a) Competition Act
• (b) Consumer Protection Act
• (c) Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act
• (d) Liberalization Policy of the Government

The only Judge against whom a motion of impeachment was introduced in Parliament:

• (a) Justice Subba Rao
• (b) Justice Ramaswami
• (c) Justice Mahajan
• (d) Justice Viraswami

The Malimath Committee Report deals with:

• (a) judicial delays in India
• (b) criminal justice administration
• (c) stock market reforms
• (d) review of Constitutional system

The first woman Chief Justice of a High Court in India was

• (a) Leila Mukherjee
• (b) Leila Seth
• (c) Fatima Bibi
• (d) Ruma Pal

Lok Adalats have been created under

• (a) Legal Services Authorities Act
• (b) Arbitration and Conciliation Act
• (c) Administration of Justice Act
• (d) None of the above

Recent Nepal elections were globally significant because

• (a) Communists came to power through ballot box for the first time in the world
• (b) Monarchy was defeated by democratic forces
• (c) A militant movement joined the mainstream
• (d) Secularism triumphed over theocracy

The Third World leader who, at the time, had been openly defying the U.S.A. was

• (a) Fidel Castro
• (b) Hugo Chavez
• (c) Robert Mugabe
• (d) Hu Jintao

Raju earns twice as much in March as in each of the other months of the year. What part of his annual earnings does he earn in that month?

• (a) \(\dfrac{1}{5}\)
• (b) \(\dfrac{5}{7}\)
• (c) \(\dfrac{2}{13}\)
• (d) \(\dfrac{1}{10}\)

Sanjay sold his watch for Rs.\ 1140 and thereby loses \(5%\). In order to gain \(5%\) he has to sell the watch for

• (a) Rs.\ 1254
• (b) Rs.\ 1260
• (c) Rs.\ 1197
• (d) Rs.\ 1311

A mixture of 40 litres of milk and water contains \(10%\) water. How much water is to be added so that the water may be \(20%\) in the new mixture?

• (a) 5 Litres
• (b) 4 Litres
• (c) 6.5 Litres
• (d) 7.5 Litres

A train 100 meters long running at 54 km/h takes 20 seconds to pass a bridge. The length of the bridge is

• (a) 50 m
• (b) 150 m
• (c) 200 m
• (d) 620 m

Sameer is as much younger to Mohan as he is older to Arun. If the sum of the ages of Mohan and Arun is 48, the age of Sameer is

• (a) 20 years
• (b) 24 years
• (c) 30 years
• (d) Can't be determined

A tank can be filled by two pipes A and B in 2 hours and 3 hours respectively. A third pipe C can empty the full tank in 6 hours. If all the taps are turned on simultaneously, the tank will be full in

• (a) 1 hour
• (b) 40 minutes
• (c) 1.5 hours
• (d) 3 hours

Of the three numbers, the first is one-third of the second and twice the third. The average of these numbers is 27. The largest of these numbers is

• (a) 18
• (b) 36
• (c) 54
• (d) 108

The length of a square is increased by \(15%\) and breadth is decreased by \(15%\). The area of the rectangle so formed is

• (a) neither increases nor decreases
• (b) decreases by \(2.25%\)
• (c) increases by \(2.25%\)
• (d) decreases by \(22.5%\)

The ratio of milk and water in 60 Litres of adulterated milk is \(2:1\). If the ratio of milk and water is to be \(1:2\), then the amount of water to be added further is

• (a) 20 Litres
• (b) 30 Litres
• (c) 40 Litres
• (d) 60 Litres

A piece of cloth costs Rs.\ 70. If the piece is 4 metres longer and each metre costs Rs.\ 2 less, the cost remains unchanged. The length of the piece is

• (a) 8 m
• (b) 9 m
• (c) 10 m
• (d) 12 m

A college received fifty applications for a course. In the qualifying exam, \(\tfrac{1}{10}\) of them scored \(90\)–\(95%\). Of the remaining, \(\tfrac{3}{5}\) scored \(75\)–\(90%\); the rest scored below \(75%\). For admission the rules are:
(i) no one below \(75%\) can join \emph{Physics;
(ii) \emph{Physics cannot be opted without \emph{Mathematics;
(iii) \emph{Physics and \emph{Astrophysics cannot be taken together;
(iv) to opt \emph{Mathematics or \emph{Astrophysics one must have at least \(70%\).
Which alternative is \emph{possible?

• (a) Ninety percent of applicants are admitted to Physics course.
• (b) Thirty–five percent of the applicants who are otherwise ineligible to join Physics are admitted to Mathematics and Astrophysics course.
• (c) Students of Physics outnumber those of Mathematics.
• (d) Whoever is eligible to study Mathematics is also eligible to study Physics.

A tourist must tour \emph{four} places out of \(A,B,C,D,E,F,G\). At most two can be \emph{holiday places and at least two must be \emph{business places. Types: \(A,B,C,D\) are Business; \(E,F,G\) are Holiday. Rules: (a) If \(A\) is included, then both \(C\) and \(G\) are excluded. (b) If neither \(E\) nor \(F\) is included, then \(B\) or \(G\) or both may be included. (c) If \(G\) is included, then \(D\) cannot be included. Which combination is \emph{possible?

• (a) \(A, C, E\) and \(F\)
• (b) \(B, G\) and \(E\)
• (c) \(A, D\) and \(G\)
• (d) \(A, B\) and \(D\)

(Same set-up as Q.152, but with \emph{additional} restrictions stated in the original question.) Which one of the following is a \emph{certainty}?

• (a) \(A, B, C\) \& \(E\)
• (b) \(A, C, D\) \& \(F\)
• (c) \(B, C, D\) \& \(E\)
• (d) \(A, B, C\) \& \(F\)

Four members are to be nominated to a Committee from six candidates \(A,B,C,D,E,F\). Rules:
(A) If \(A\) is nominated, then \(D\) is excluded.
(B) If \(B\) is nominated, then exactly one of \(E\) or \(F\) must also be nominated.
(C) If \(C\) is nominated, then both \(D\) and \(B\) must be nominated. Which set of four is possible?

• (a) \(A,B,E\)
• (b) \(A,B,C,D\)
• (c) \(B,C,D,E\)
• (d) \(B,C,D,F\)

Political turmoil in a country is mainly caused by widespread violence and flawed economic policies of successive governments. If at all this has to be crushed, it can be achieved only by a dictatorial government which rules with iron hand. Therefore, the need of the hour is to elect a government which imposes fresh set of stringent legislations. However, one of them is most forceful. Identify the same.

• (a) It is not the imposition of new legislations which is required, but effective adherence to the existing legislations.
• (b) That government is the best government which governs least.
• (c) It is possible to overcome any evil by educating people.
• (d) Only dialogue in a free society can eradicate political turmoil.

Under the same fact-situation as in Q.155, several alternatives (not necessarily all) would, if true, strengthen the argument. One of them is the most forceful. Identify it.

• (a) Espionage activities by enemy nations, which contribute to political turmoil, can be prevented only if the government is very strong.
• (b) The philosophy behind any economic policy—‘push from bottom, press from top’—must be followed to mitigate violence, and it is not being followed.
• (c) Political turmoil is due to a corrupt establishment.
• (d) Man is, by nature, a beast.

Exploitation of poor by rich can be stemmed only if the state exercises complete control over agriculture and industrial production. But state control is beset by two evils; corruption and delay. The net result is that if man tries to escape from one evil, then he is trapped by another. Suffering hence is inescapable.


The argument presented above seems to imply the following conclusions. Identify the one which is least dubious. Apply common sense.

• (a) Abolish agriculture and industry to free ourselves from all evil.
• (b) Encourage austere life to avoid evil.
• (c) Bridge the gap between rich and poor by taxing the rich heavily and passing the largesse to the poor.
• (d) Man is, by nature, dishonest.

“The human soul is immaterial. What is not matter is not spatial and hence not vulnerable to motion. Evidently, no motion implies no dissolution. Therefore the human soul is immortal.”
One premise is missing. Complete the argument.

• (a) Nothing is free from dissolution
• (b) What is incorruptible is immortal
• (c) There is no motion
• (d) Matter does not exist

Under the same fact-situation as in Q.158, which statement, if true, \emph{seriously weakens} the argument?

• (a) Matter is not bound by space.
• (b) Matter is indestructible.
• (c) Whatever exists is not necessarily affected by motion.
• (d) What is not matter is also vulnerable to motion.

Opponents of capital punishment cite: (i) humans cannot terminate what they cannot generate; (ii) punishment aims at reformation; (iii) opportunity to repent must be given. Defenders reply that punishment is for paying one’s dues; reformation/repentance is peripheral. Hence death penalty is admissible. What is the \emph{focus} of this debate?

• (a) Man’s rights and privileges
• (b) Nature and purpose of punishment
• (c) Prevention of crime
• (d) Mercy and revenge

Fred Whipple first thought that, like Mercury, Venus keeps one face towards the Sun; if so, the dark side would be very cold. Using Petit and Nicholson’s earlier work he knew this was \emph{not} the case, so he concluded Venus must rotate fairly often to keep the dark side warmer. Which of the following is the \emph{original premise} used to reach the conclusion?

• (a) Slow rotation of Venus
• (b) Temperature of Venus
• (c) Frequent rotation of Venus
• (d) Equality of the rate of rotation and revolution

Before formulating the laws of motion, Galileo separated mathematical from empirical study. He repeatedly rolled a ball down a groove, measured the times for different fractions of the groove, and—after hundreds of repetitions—concluded that the distance travelled is proportional to the square of time. Which label best characterizes Galileo’s method?

• (a) Speculation
• (b) Theoretical analysis
• (c) Generalization
• (d) Statistical analysis

Sherlock Holmes obtains two pills found at crime scenes. He dissolves one pill and gives it to a dog—nothing happens. He then dissolves the \emph{other} pill, adds milk, the dog licks and dies. Which method does the passage indicate?

• (a) Imagination
• (b) Experiment
• (c) Observation
• (d) Thought experiment

There has been much speculation concerning the origin of lunar craters. One hypothesis is that they are the result of the impact of heavy meteors on the surface of moon while still soft. The most probable explanation is that they were produced by the gases liberated from the rocky matter. "While solidification was taking place these gases and water vapors steadily escaped through viscous surface, raising giant bubbles. The reader can easily visualize the process that took place by watching frying of pancakes. Which one of the following actually helps us to determine the origin of lunar craters?

• (a) Analogy
• (b) Study of foreign body
• (c) Cause–effect relation
• (d) Speculation

“Perhaps the earliest work of Archimedes that we have is that on ‘Plane Equilibrium’. In this, some fundamental principles of mechanics are set forth as rigorous geometric propositions. The work opens with furious postulate ‘Equal weights at equal distances are in equilibrium; equal weights at unequal distances are not in equilibrium, but incline towards the weight at the greater distance.’


According to this passage, which factors determine equilibrium?

• (a) weight
• (b) distance
• (c) weight \& distance
• (d) equality of weights \& distances

According to the passage, assign a truth value to: “Unequal weights at equal distances are in \emph{disequilibrium}.”

• (a) true
• (b) false
• (c) uncertain
• (d) unverifiable

According to the passage, assign a truth value to: “Unequal distances are in \emph{disequilibrium}.”

• (a) true
• (b) false
• (c) uncertain
• (d) unverifiable

Gregor Mendal in examining tea-plants found two sharply marked races, the tall and the short. He experimentally fertilized flowers of tall plants with pollen of short. The offspring were tall plants. He next let the flowers of this first generation be fertilized with their own pollen. In the following generation, shortness reappeared. Tallness and shortness were distributed not at random but in a definite, constant, and simple ratio: three dominant talls to one recessive short. Which one of the following aptly describes the distribution of dominant and recessive characteristics?

• (a) Systematic
• (b) equal interval
• (c) unpredictable
• (d) irregular interval

It is said that in his strongly worded reaction to quantum Physics, Einstein remarks ‘God does not play dice’ to which Bohr, another great physicist, reacted saying ‘Do not tell God what to system, though we can know the properties of macrocosmic objects.

• (a) the behavior of God
• (b) probabilistic interpretation of the behavior of quantum object
• (c) limits of human knowledge
• (d) irrelevance of microcosmic object

An efficient and diesel-independent public transport system is essential to the economic development of nation. Suppose that the government adopts a policy to that effect then there is another favourable result. The pollution of environment is reduced to greater extent – but, then it has two-pronged backlash. The sale and consequently the production of two and four wheelers reduce to the minimum which in turn render a large number of people jobless. Cash flow to the treasury also is adversely affected. Such a step, therefore, is self-defeating unless the government evolves a counter-strategy to nullify the adverse effects. Which one of the following accurately projects the opinion of an imaginary speaker or author as the case may be of this passage?

• (a) Abandon the idea of efficient, diesel–independent public transport.
• (b) Ensure sustained cash flow and better jobs by inventing an alternate or more than one alternate.
• (c) Public transport system shall be given up.
• (d) Maintain car production and sales at the same level by incentives.

A moot question to be considered is whether democratic form of government is boon or bane, no matter what Lincoln might or might not have said. Rather his most (in?) famous adage, ‘by the people, for the people and of the people’ misses the most pertinent question; which attitude works behind when a person declares that he is a (or the right?) candidate to serve the people, and does not hesitate to contest and fight tooth and nail the election, an euphemism for battle with or without bullets. Admittedly, the convert attitude is different from overt attitude. Hardly anyone contests the election unwillingly. A contestant is not persuaded by any one, but driven by his own passions and dubious motives. Contrast this picture with Socrates' version; no honest man willingly takes up the job of ruler. If at all he accepts, he does so for fear of being ruled by one made up of inferior mettle. It is beyond even the wildest imagination, to expect an honest person to contest the election. Assuming that every statement is true, identify from among the given alternatives the one which strictly follows from the passage.

• (a) No assessment of democracy is possible
• (b) Lincoln and Socrates are talking differently
• (c) Socrates scores over Lincoln on this issue
• (d) Rulers can be honest

According to the same passage, which best differentiates Lincoln’s and Socrates’ analyses?

• (a) the nature of democracy
• (b) merits and demerits of politician
• (c) qualities of election
• (d) difference in mindset of the respective men

Many environmentalists are inconsistent: progress without some interference with nature is a myth, yet environment includes animal wealth too, so we must ask whether we may kill living beings (even harmful insects/stray dogs) merely for hygiene. Which one of the following runs \emph{counter} to the spirit of the passage?

• (a) In the interest of health and cleanliness, our surroundings must be free from disease–spreading bacteria.
• (b) Non-violence as a moral principle extends to all living creatures.
• (c) Vegetarian food is ideal to all men.
• (d) Man should protect his environment because he has to live.

On reservations in jobs, the passage argues that quality education—especially for the downtrodden—requires \emph{good-natured meritorious} teachers; if someone lacking these becomes a teacher due to reservation, generations suffer. Assuming some merit in the argument, which fallout is best described?

• (a) Reservation is individual-centric, but not group-centric.
• (b) Reservation, at least in one field, is self-defeating.
• (c) The argument is biased.
• (d) Education is not required to uplift the downtrodden.

Under the same fact-situation, which step best helps to \emph{circumvent} the problem?

• (a) Replace education with money and make the poor rich.
• (b) To achieve equality encourage inter-caste marriage.
• (c) Only downtrodden people should form the government.
• (d) Identify good-natured and meritorious people within the downtrodden group to make them teachers.

Principles:
(1) On the death of husband, the widow shall inherit the property of her deceased husband along with children equally.

(2) A widow cannot claim the property of the deceased if on the date when the question of succession opens, she has married.

(3) A female acquiring property in any way has the absolute title to the property.

Facts: When Sudhir died he had \(\frac{1}{3}\) share of the family property, which the three brothers Rudhir, Sudhir, and Yasu inherited from their father, B. Sudhir died on September 23, 2006, without having any issue. The widow of Sudhir, Ms. Win, remarried on January 1, 2007. Rudhir and Yasu refused Win the share from Sudhir’s portion when Win claimed the entire property belonging to Sudhir on January 30, 2007.

List I – Decisions:

(a) Win cannot inherit the property of Sudhir

(b) Win can inherit the property of Sudhir


List II – Reasons:

(i) Widows not belong to the family.

(ii) Win was remarried.

(iii) Her claim was on the date of Sudhir’s death.

(iv) Her claim submitted after she was remarried.

• (a) (i)
• (b) (ii)
• (c) (iii)
• (d) (iv)

Principles:
(1) If a person commits an act by which death is caused to another person and the act is done with the intention of causing death, the person is liable for murder.

(2) A person has a right of self-defense to the extent of causing death to another provided he apprehends death by the act of the latter.


Facts:
Shuva went to a hardware shop owned by Anup. Bargaining on some item led to an altercation between the two, and Shuva picked up a sharp object and hit Anup. When Anup started bleeding, his wife Mridula intervened and was also hit by Shuva, rendering her unconscious. Finding himself totally cornered, Anup delivered a severe blow to Shuva with a sharp object. Shuva died instantly.

Possible decisions:
(a) Anup murdered Shuva

(b) Anup killed Shuva with the intention of killing to save himself and his wife

(c) Anup killed Shuva without any intention to do so just to save himself and his wife


Probable reasons:
(i) If a person kills another instantly on the spot, the intention to kill is obvious.

(ii) Anup used force apprehending death of himself and his wife.

(iii) Anup used disproportionate force.

(iv) There was nothing to show that Shuva wanted to kill Anup or his wife.

• (a) (a) (i)
• (b) (a) (iii)
• (c) (c) (ii)
• (d) (b) (i)

Principles:
(1) Consumable goods which are not fit for consumption are not marketable.

(2) A consumer shall not suffer on account of unmarketable goods.

(3) A seller is liable for knowingly selling unmarketable goods.

(4) A manufacturer shall be liable for the quality of his products.


Facts:
Ram bought a Coca Cola bottle from Shama’s shop. Back at home, the server opened the bottle and poured the drink into the glasses of Ram and his friend Tom. As Tom started drinking, he felt irritation in his throat. Immediately, Ram and Tom took the sample to test and found nitric acid in the content. Ram filed a suit against Shama, Coca Cola company, and the bottler, Kishen \& Co.

Suggested Decisions:
(a) Ram cannot get compensation

(b) Tom cannot get compensation

(c) Both Ram and Tom can get compensation


Suggested Reasons:
(i) Shama did not know the contents of sealed bottles.

(ii) Ram did not actually suffer though he bought the bottle.

(iii) Tom did not buy the bottle.

(iv) Coca Cola company is responsible since it supplied the concentrate.

(v) Kishen \& Co. is responsible since it added water, sugar etc. and sealed the bottle.

(vi) Shama is responsible for selling the defective product.

• (a) (a) (ii)
• (b) (b) (vi)
• (c) (c) (v)
• (d) (c) (iv)

Principles:
1. If A is asked to do something by B, B is responsible for the act, not A.

2. If A, while acting for B commits a wrong, A is responsible for the wrong, not B.

3. If A is authorized to do something for B, but in the name of A without disclosing B’s presence, both A and B may be held liable.


Facts: Somu contracted with Amar where Amar would buy a pump set to be used in Somu’s farm. Such a pump set was in short supply in the market. Gulab, a dealer, had such a pump set and he refused to sell it to Amar. Amar threatened Gulab of serious consequences if he failed to part with the pump set. Gulab filed a complaint against Amar.


Proposed decision:

• (a) Amar alone is liable for the wrong though he acted for Somu.
• (b) Amar is not liable for the wrong, though he is bound by the contract with Somu.
• (c) Somu is bound by the contract and liable for the wrong.
• (d) Both Somu and Amar are liable for the wrong.
  \textbf{Suggested reasons:}
  (i) Amar committed the wrong while acting for the benefit for Somu.
  (ii) Amar cannot do while acting for Somu something which he cannot do while acting for himself.
  (iii) Both Amar and Somu are liable since they are bound by the contract.
  (iv) Somu has to be responsible for the act Amar committed for Somu’s benefit.

Principles:

1. The owner of land has absolute interest in the property including the contents over and under the property.

2. Water flowing below your land is not yours, though you may use it.

3. Any construction on your land belongs to you.

4. All mineral resources below the land belong to the State.


Facts: There is a subterranean water flow under Suresh’s land. Suresh constructed a huge reservoir and drew all subterranean water into it. As a result, the wells of adjacent owners went dry. They demanded that Suresh either demolish the reservoir or share the water.


Proposed decisions:

(a) Suresh need not demolish the reservoir.

(b) Suresh has to demolish the reservoir.

(c) Suresh has to share the water with his neighbours.

(d) The Government can take over the reservoir.


Possible reasons:

(i) Water cannot be captured by one person for his personal use.

(ii) The government must ensure equitable distribution of water.

(iii) Whatever is under Suresh’s land may be used by him.

(iv) Suresh has to respect the rights of others regarding water.

• (a) (a) (iii)
• (b) (b) (i)
• (c) (c) (iv)
• (d) (d) (ii)

Principles:

1. An employer shall be liable for the wrongs committed by his employees in the course of employment.

2. Third parties must exercise reasonable care to find out whether a person is actually acting in the course of employment.


Facts: Nandan was appointed by Syndicate Bank to collect small savings from its customers daily. Nagamma, a housemaid, was one of such customers. After a couple of years, Syndicate Bank terminated Nandan’s service. Unaware of this, Nagamma continued to hand over her savings to Nandan, who misappropriated them. She realized this after three months and filed a complaint against the bank.


Possible decisions:

(a) Syndicate Bank shall be liable to compensate Nagamma

(b) Syndicate Bank shall not be liable to compensate Nagamma

(c) Nagamma has to blame herself for her negligence


Possible reasons:

(i) Nandan was not acting in the course of employment after termination.

(ii) A person cannot blame others for his own negligence.

(iii) Nagamma was entitled to be informed by the bank about Nandan.

(iv) The bank is entitled to expect customers to know the actual position.

• (a) (b) (i)
• (b) (c) (ii)
• (c) (a) (iii)
• (d) (b) (iv)

Principles:

1. A master shall be liable for the fraudulent acts of his servants committed in the course of employment.

2. Whether an act is committed in the course of employment has to be judged in context.

3. Both master and third parties must exercise reasonable care in this regard.


Facts: Rama Bhai, a widow, opened an SB account with Syndicate Bank with the help of her nephew Keshav, who worked as a clerk in the bank. After a year, Keshav was dismissed from service. Unaware, Rama Bhai continued giving him her savings, which he misappropriated. She later sought compensation from the bank.


Possible decisions:

(a) Bank shall be liable to compensate Rama Bhai

(b) Bank shall not be liable to compensate Rama Bhai

(c) Rama Bhai cannot blame others for her negligence


Possible reasons:

(i) Keshav was not an employee when the fraud was committed.

(ii) The bank was not aware of the special arrangement between Rama Bhai and Keshav.

(iii) The bank must take care of vulnerable customers.

(iv) Rama Bhai should have checked about Keshav.

• (a) (a) (iii)
• (b) (c) (iv)
• (c) (b) (ii)
• (d) (b) (i)

Principles:

1. A person is liable for negligence if he fails to take care of his neighbour’s interest.

2. A neighbour is anyone whose interests should have been foreseeable.


Facts: During a cricket match in a closed stadium, a fan who could not get a ticket climbed a nearby tree to watch. A ball hit him, causing injury. He sued the organizers.


Possible decisions:

(a) Organizers liable to compensate

(b) Organizers not liable

(c) Injured person should have avoided the risky spot


Possible reasons:

(i) Organizers are responsible for people inside the stadium.

(ii) Organizers could not have foreseen someone watching from a tree.

(iii) A person crazy about something must take the risk.

(iv) Organizers must be liable to all viewers.

• (a) (a) (iv)
• (b) (a) (iii)
• (c) (b) (ii)
• (d) (c) (i)

Principles:

1. When a person unlawfully interferes with another’s chattel depriving him of its use, it is conversion.

2. Nobody shall enrich himself at another's expense.


Facts: A patient’s appendix was removed at a hospital. The hospital used unique cells from it to develop valuable drugs. The patient, learning of this later, claimed a profit share.


Possible decisions:

(a) Hospital need not share profits

(b) Hospital may share on ex gratia basis

(c) Hospital shall share profits


Possible reasons:

(i) The patient benefited from removal.

(ii) Hospital’s research was its own effort.

(iii) Hospital could not have succeeded without the appendix.

(iv) Everyone must share.

• (a) (a) (i)
• (b) (a) (ii)
• (c) (c) (iii)
• (d) (c) (iv)

Principles:

1. Copying, including an attempt to copy in an examination, is a serious offence.

2. One shall not take any unauthorized materials into the examination hall.


Facts:
Rohini, an examinee in PUC, was thoroughly checked before entering the examination hall and was found carrying only authorized materials such as a pen and instrument box. While she was writing, the invigilator found chits near her feet containing answers matching her paper. Her answers tallied with the chits. A charge of copying was brought against her.


Probable decisions:

(a) Rohini shall be punished for copying.

(b) Rohini cannot be punished for copying.


Probable reasons:

(i) Something lying near the feet does not mean the person possesses it.

(ii) Being thoroughly checked at entry should be conclusive proof of no unauthorized material.

(iii) Similarities between her answers and the chits indicate she used them.

(iv) After using chits, she must have disposed of them.

• (a) (a) (iii)
• (b) (a) (iv)
• (c) (b) (iii)
• (d) (b) (ii)

All contracts are agreements. All agreements are accepted offers. Which of the following derivations is correct?

• (a) All accepted offers are contracts
• (b) All agreements are contracts
• (c) All contracts are accepted offers
• (d) None of the above

No minor can enter into a contract of work. Working in a shop can be done only by a contract. Which derivation is correct?

• (a) A minor cannot work in a shop
• (b) A shop cannot contract with a minor
• (c) There cannot be a contract to which a minor is a party
• (d) None of the above

All motor vehicles are required to have third party insurance. Any vehicle not using mechanical device is not a motor vehicle. Which is the correct derivation?

• (a) All third party insurances relate to motor vehicles
• (b) Vehicles not using mechanical device need not have third party insurance
• (c) All vehicles must have third party insurance
• (d) None of the above

A contract contravening public policy is void. There cannot be a general definition of public policy. Which is the correct derivation?

• (a) There cannot be a general definition of contract
• (b) Since public policy is uncertain, contract is also uncertain
• (c) The impact of public policy on contract is to be judged in individual cases
• (d) None of the above

International law is the law between sovereign states. A sovereign is the supreme authority not bound by legal constraints. Which is the correct derivation?

• (a) International law is not law binding on the sovereign states
• (b) International law is only a positive morality
• (c) International law is in the nature of pact between sovereign states
• (d) None of the above