UP Board Class 10 Chitrakala Question Paper 2023 with Answer Key (Code 830 ET)

Step 1: Understanding Primary Colours.

Primary colours are the foundation of all other colours. They cannot be created by mixing other colours together. The three primary colours are red, blue, and yellow. These are the basic colours from which all other colours can be made by mixing them in various ways.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Red, blue, and yellow are the primary colours, making this the correct answer.
- Option (2): Green and sky blue are not primary colours.
- Option (3): Black, white, and brown are neutral colours, not primary.
- Option (4): Orange, paddy green, and sky blue are secondary colours or shades, not primary.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Red, blue and yellow. Quick Tip: Primary colours (red, blue, and yellow) are the building blocks for all other colours.

Step 1: Understanding Hot and Cool Colours.

Hot colours, also known as warm colours, include red, orange, and yellow. These colours evoke feelings of warmth and energy and are typically associated with fire, the sun, and heat.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Red is a hot colour, making this the correct answer.
- Option (2): Blue is a cool colour, not hot.
- Option (3): Green is a cool colour, often associated with nature.
- Option (4): Paddy green is a shade of green, which is still considered a cool colour.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Red. Quick Tip: Hot colours like red, orange, and yellow are often associated with warmth and energy.

Step 1: Understanding the Number of Main Colours.

In colour theory, there are three main colours, also known as primary colours: red, blue, and yellow. These three colours are the basis for all other colours, as other colours can be created by mixing different combinations of these primary colours.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): There are three main colours, red, blue, and yellow, making this the correct answer.
- Option (2): Seven colours is incorrect; it refers to the colours of the rainbow, but not the main colours.
- Option (3): Two main colours is incorrect.
- Option (4): Five main colours is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Three. Quick Tip: The three main (primary) colours are red, blue, and yellow. These are the foundation of all colour mixing.

Step 1: Understanding Secondary Colours.

Secondary colours are created by mixing two primary colours together. The primary colours are red, blue, and yellow. When these primary colours are mixed, the following secondary colours are formed:
- Red + Yellow = Orange
- Yellow + Blue = Green
- Blue + Red = Purple


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Red is a primary colour, not secondary.
- Option (2): Orange is formed by mixing red and yellow, making it a secondary colour.
- Option (3): Yellow is a primary colour, not secondary.
- Option (4): Blue is a primary colour, not secondary.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Orange. Quick Tip: Secondary colours are created by mixing two primary colours together, such as red and yellow making orange.

Step 1: Understanding Neutral Colours.

Neutral colours do not appear on the colour wheel and are not associated with a specific hue. They include black, white, gray, and sometimes brown. These colours are often used as background colours or to balance brighter colours.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Black and white are classic examples of neutral colours, making this the correct answer.
- Option (2): Yellow and orange are warm colours, not neutral.
- Option (3): Blue and red are primary colours, not neutral.
- Option (4): Green and yellow are primary and secondary colours, respectively, not neutral.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Black and white. Quick Tip: Neutral colours like black and white do not appear on the colour wheel and are not associated with any specific hue.

Step 1: Understanding the Ostwald Circle.

The Ostwald circle is a colour wheel developed by Wilhelm Ostwald, which includes a set of six colours. These six colours are arranged in a circular form, and they include primary, secondary, and tertiary colours. The Ostwald circle is specifically designed to show the most harmonious colour relationships.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): The Ostwald circle has six colours, not eight.
- Option (2): The Ostwald circle consists of six colours, not seven.
- Option (3): Six is the correct number of colours in the Ostwald circle.
- Option (4): The Ostwald circle does not have five colours.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (3) Six. Quick Tip: The Ostwald circle has six colours, arranged to show harmonious relationships between them.

Step 1: Understanding Transparent Colours.

Transparent colours allow light to pass through, revealing the underlying surface. Watercolour is a transparent medium, meaning it can be applied in thin washes, allowing the texture and features of the paper to show through.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Watercolour is the most transparent colour medium.
- Option (2): Oil colours are typically opaque and not transparent.
- Option (3): Poster colours are generally opaque and not transparent.
- Option (4): Pastels can be applied thickly and are generally not transparent.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Water colour. Quick Tip: Watercolours are the most transparent medium, allowing light to pass through and revealing the paper's texture.

Step 1: Understanding Opposite Colours.

In colour theory, the opposite colour of white is black. Black and white are considered opposite because they represent extremes in terms of lightness and darkness. White is the lightest colour, and black is the darkest.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Red is not the opposite of white.
- Option (2): Black is the opposite of white, making it the correct answer.
- Option (3): Blue is a primary colour and not the opposite of white.
- Option (4): Yellow is a primary colour and not the opposite of white.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Black. Quick Tip: Black is the opposite of white, as it represents the darkest extreme, while white represents the lightest.

Step 1: Understanding Colour Mixing.

When yellow and red, two primary colours, are mixed together, they form orange, a secondary colour. This is a basic principle of subtractive colour mixing, where the combination of these two primary colours produces a new colour.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Yellow mixed with red forms orange, making this the correct answer.
- Option (2): Brown is not produced by mixing yellow and red; it typically requires a combination of red, blue, and yellow.
- Option (3): Paddy green is a mix of blue and yellow, not yellow and red.
- Option (4): Sky blue is a shade of blue, not produced by mixing yellow and red.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Orange. Quick Tip: Yellow and red mixed together create orange, a secondary colour in colour theory.

Step 1: Understanding Cool Colours.

Cool colours are typically associated with calmness, water, and the sky. These colours generally include blue, green, and purple. Cool colours tend to recede in a composition, giving a sense of depth.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Red is a warm colour, not cool.
- Option (2): Orange is a warm colour, not cool.
- Option (3): Green is a cool colour, often associated with nature and the environment.
- Option (4): Yellow is a warm colour, not cool.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (3) Green. Quick Tip: Cool colours like green, blue, and purple are calming and typically recede in a composition.

Step 1: Understanding Secondary Colours.

Secondary colours are formed by mixing two primary colours. The primary colours are red, blue, and yellow. The three secondary colours are:
- Red + Yellow = Orange
- Yellow + Blue = Green
- Blue + Red = Purple


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): There are only three secondary colours, not six.
- Option (2): There are three secondary colours, not two.
- Option (3): There are only three secondary colours, not eight.
- Option (4): The correct number of secondary colours is three.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (4) Three. Quick Tip: Secondary colours are created by mixing two primary colours, resulting in three colours: orange, green, and purple.

Step 1: Understanding Opposite Colours.

In colour theory, opposite colours, or complementary colours, are those that are directly opposite each other on the colour wheel. The opposite of yellow is blue. When placed next to each other, these colours create contrast and vibrancy.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Blue is the complementary colour to yellow, making this the correct answer.
- Option (2): Green is not the complementary colour of yellow.
- Option (3): White is a neutral colour and does not complement yellow.
- Option (4): Paddy green is not the opposite colour of yellow.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Blue. Quick Tip: Blue is the complementary colour to yellow, meaning they are opposites on the colour wheel.

Step 1: Understanding the Word "Kala".

"Kala" is a term widely used in Hindi and other Indian languages, and it means "art" or "craft". The word is often used in the context of performing arts, visual arts, and other forms of artistic expression in Indian culture.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): "Kala" is a common word in Hindi, meaning art or craft.
- Option (2): While "Kala" is used in Sanskrit, it is more commonly associated with Hindi in the modern context.
- Option (3): "Kala" is not originally from Urdu.
- Option (4): "Kala" is not from English.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Hindi. Quick Tip: The word "Kala" primarily means art or craft in Hindi and other Indian languages.

Step 1: Understanding Pencil Hardness.

Pencils are graded based on their hardness. The "H" scale refers to harder pencils that produce lighter lines. The "B" scale refers to softer pencils that produce darker lines. The higher the number, the harder the pencil.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): A 2H pencil is harder and draws light lines.
- Option (2): A 2B pencil is softer and produces darker lines.
- Option (3): An HB pencil produces medium darkness lines.
- Option (4): An H pencil is also hard but produces lighter lines, although 2H is harder.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) 2H. Quick Tip: Harder pencils (like 2H) produce lighter lines, while softer pencils (like 2B) produce darker lines.

Step 1: Understanding Ceiling Designs.

A central design is typically the most appropriate for room ceilings. It focuses attention towards the centre of the room and creates a balanced, symmetrical look. Central designs can be intricate and often serve as a decorative focal point.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Corner designs are usually placed in the corners of the room, not on the ceiling's centre.
- Option (2): A central design works best for the ceiling as it directs attention to the middle and creates a symmetrical, balanced look.
- Option (3): Border designs are typically used for edges, not for the central portion of the ceiling.
- Option (4): "None of the above" is incorrect because the central design is the best option.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Central design. Quick Tip: Central designs on ceilings create balance and symmetry, making them ideal for most room aesthetics.

Step 1: Understanding the Colours of the Rainbow.

A rainbow consists of seven distinct colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. These colours are the result of sunlight being refracted, dispersed, and reflected in water droplets in the atmosphere.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): There are seven colours in the rainbow, not eight.
- Option (2): The seven colours of the rainbow are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
- Option (3): There are six colours, not seven.
- Option (4): There are five colours, not seven.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Seven. Quick Tip: A rainbow consists of seven colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.

Step 1: Understanding Floor Centre Designs.

Circular designs are often preferred for the centre of the floor as they provide a balanced, harmonious appearance and draw the eye towards the middle of the room.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Circular designs are ideal for the centre of the floor, providing symmetry and balance.
- Option (2): Triangular designs may not create the same visual balance as circular designs.
- Option (3): Rectangular designs are better for walls or borders, not the centre of the floor.
- Option (4): Hexagonal designs are unusual for the centre and may not work well with typical room layouts.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Circular. Quick Tip: Circular designs in the centre of the floor are aesthetically pleasing and create balance in the room.

Step 1: Understanding Fabric Painting Colours.

Acrylic colours are best for cloth painting because they adhere well to fabric and are durable. Acrylic paints also come in a wide range of colours and can be set with heat to make them washable.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Acrylic colours are ideal for cloth painting as they are designed to work well with fabric.
- Option (2): Poster colours are not designed for fabric and may not be as durable.
- Option (3): Water colours are not suitable for fabric as they can bleed and do not last.
- Option (4): Oil colours are too thick and are not ideal for fabric painting.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Acrylic colour. Quick Tip: Acrylic paints are the best option for cloth painting because they are durable and adhere well to fabric.

Step 1: Understanding the Colour Mixture.

When black and white are mixed together, they produce a range of grey tones, which can appear like smoke or mist in artwork. This combination results in neutral shades of grey.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Black and white mixed together create grey, often referred to as smoke colour.
- Option (2): Blue and white produce light blue or pastel shades, not smoke colour.
- Option (3): Yellow and white create a light yellow or pastel shade.
- Option (4): Brown and white create light brown or beige tones, not smoke colour.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Black and white. Quick Tip: Mixing black and white creates grey, which is often referred to as smoke colour in art.

Step 1: Understanding Pencil Hardness.

The "B" scale refers to softer pencils that produce darker lines. The higher the number, the softer the pencil, and the darker the line.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): 2B is a softer pencil, but 4B is even softer and produces darker lines.
- Option (2): 4B is the correct choice for drawing dark lines as it is a soft pencil.
- Option (3): 2H is a hard pencil and produces light lines.
- Option (4): HB is a medium pencil and produces medium-dark lines.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) 4B. Quick Tip: Softer pencils (like 4B) produce darker lines, while harder pencils (like 2H) produce lighter lines.

Step 1: Formula for Area of Triangle.

The area of a triangle is calculated using the formula: \[ Area = \frac{1}{2} \times base \times height. \]
This formula gives the area of the triangle by multiplying half of the base with the height.

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): This is the correct formula for the area of a triangle.
- Option (2): This would be incorrect because multiplying the base by the height gives the area of a rectangle, not a triangle.
- Option (3): This formula does not apply to the area of a triangle.
- Option (4): This formula is incorrect for the area of a triangle.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) \( \frac{1}{2} \times base \times height \). Quick Tip: The area of a triangle is always \( \frac{1}{2} \times base \times height \).

Step 1: Understanding Rectangle Angles.

A rectangle has four right angles, each measuring 90°. This is because all the interior angles of a rectangle are right angles.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): 60° is incorrect as a rectangle has right angles.
- Option (2): 70° is incorrect.
- Option (3): 90° is the correct angle between two adjacent sides of a rectangle.
- Option (4): 100° is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (3) 90°. Quick Tip: The angle between any two adjacent sides of a rectangle is always 90°.

Step 1: Understanding the Diameter.

The diameter of a circle is twice the radius. This means the formula for the diameter is: \[ Diameter = 2 \times radius = 2r. \]

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): \( 2r \) is the correct formula for the diameter.
- Option (2): \( 3r \) is incorrect.
- Option (3): \( \frac{3}{2}r \) is incorrect.
- Option (4): \( 4r \) is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) \( 2r \). Quick Tip: The diameter of a circle is always twice the radius: \( 2r \).

Step 1: Understanding the Metric Conversion.

1 kilometre (km) is equal to 10 hectometres (hm), as 1 hectometre is 100 meters and 1 kilometre is 1000 meters. Therefore: \[ 1 \, km = 10 \, hm. \]

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): 10 hectometres in a kilometre is correct.
- Option (2): 20 is incorrect.
- Option (3): 100 is incorrect.
- Option (4): 50 is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) 10. Quick Tip: 1 kilometre = 10 hectometres in the metric system.

Step 1: Understanding the Metric System Conversion.

1 decametre (dam) is equal to 100 decimetres (dm), as 1 decametre is 10 meters and 1 decimetre is 0.1 meters. Therefore: \[ 1 \, dam = 100 \, dm. \]

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): 200 is incorrect.
- Option (2): 100 is correct, as 1 decametre equals 100 decimetres.
- Option (3): 1000 is incorrect.
- Option (4): 400 is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) 100. Quick Tip: 1 decametre = 100 decimetres.

Step 1: Understanding Reflex Angles.

A reflex angle is one that is greater than 180° but less than 360°. Therefore, 180° is not a reflex angle, as it is a straight angle.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): 180° is not a reflex angle, it's a straight angle.
- Option (2): 200° is a reflex angle.
- Option (3): 250° is a reflex angle.
- Option (4): 270° is a reflex angle.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) 180°. Quick Tip: Reflex angles are always greater than 180° and less than 360°.

Step 1: Understanding the Diameter.

The centre of the circle divides the diameter into two equal parts. This is a fundamental property of circles, as the diameter is always bisected by the centre.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): The diameter is divided into two equal parts at the centre.
- Option (2): This is incorrect, as the diameter is always divided equally.
- Option (3): The ratio is not 1:2.
- Option (4): The ratio is not 2:3.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Two equal parts. Quick Tip: The centre of a circle divides the diameter into two equal parts.

Step 1: Understanding the Tangent and Radius.

At the point of tangency, the radius of the circle is always perpendicular to the tangent line. This means the angle between the radius and the tangent at the point of contact is 90°.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): 70° is incorrect.
- Option (2): 80° is incorrect.
- Option (3): 60° is incorrect.
- Option (4): 90° is correct, as the radius is perpendicular to the tangent line.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (4) 90°. Quick Tip: The radius at the point of tangency is always perpendicular to the tangent line.

Step 1: Understanding Exterior Angles.

The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon, including a triangle, is always 360°. Since each right angle is 90°, the sum of the exterior angles of a triangle equals four right angles (4 × 90°).


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Three right angles is incorrect.
- Option (2): Four right angles is correct, as the sum of the exterior angles of a triangle is always 360°.
- Option (3): Five right angles is incorrect.
- Option (4): Six right angles is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Four right angles. Quick Tip: The sum of the exterior angles of any triangle is always 360°, which is equivalent to four right angles.

Step 1: Formula for Area of a Circle.

The area of a circle is calculated by the formula: \[ Area = \pi \times radius^2 \]
For a circle with a radius of 7 cm, the area will be: \[ Area = \pi \times 7^2 = 7 \times 7\pi \]

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): \( 7\pi \) is incorrect, as the area formula involves squaring the radius.
- Option (2): \( 7 \times 7\pi \) is correct.
- Option (3): \( 7 \times 7 \times 7\pi \) is incorrect.
- Option (4): \( 7 \times 7 \times 7 \times 7\pi \) is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) \( 7 \times 7\pi \). Quick Tip: The area of a circle is \( \pi \times r^2 \), where \( r \) is the radius.

Step 1: Understanding the Diagonal of a Square.

The diagonal of a square forms a right triangle with two sides of the square. Using the Pythagorean theorem, the length of the diagonal \( d \) is given by: \[ d = \sqrt{x^2 + x^2} = \sqrt{2x^2} = \sqrt{2} \times x. \]

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): The correct formula for the diagonal is \( \sqrt{2} \times x \).
- Option (2): \( 2x \) is incorrect for the diagonal.
- Option (3): \( \sqrt{3} \times x \) is incorrect.
- Option (4): \( 3x \) is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) \( \sqrt{2} \times x \). Quick Tip: The diagonal of a square is \( \sqrt{2} \times side length \).

Step 1: Understanding Obtuse Angles.

An obtuse angle is one that is greater than 90° but less than 180°.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): 89° is an acute angle (less than 90°).
- Option (2): 72° is an acute angle (less than 90°).
- Option (3): 102° is an obtuse angle (greater than 90° but less than 180°).
- Option (4): 302° is a reflex angle (greater than 180°).

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (3) 102°. Quick Tip: An obtuse angle is between 90° and 180°.

Step 1: Understanding the Metric System.

1 millimetre (mm) is one-thousandth of a metre, meaning: \[ 1 \, mm = \frac{1}{1000} \, metre. \]

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): One millimetre is one-thousandth of a metre, making this the correct answer.
- Option (2): A tenth is 0.1, which is a centimetre (1 cm = 10 mm).
- Option (3): A hundredth is 0.01, not millimetre.
- Option (4): Fiftieth is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) Thousandth. Quick Tip: 1 millimetre is one-thousandth of a metre.

Step 1: Understanding the Angle Sum of a Quadrilateral.

The sum of the interior angles of any quadrilateral is always 360°. This can be divided into four right angles, as each right angle measures 90°.

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Three right angles would sum to 270°, which is incorrect.
- Option (2): Five right angles would sum to 450°, which is incorrect.
- Option (3): Four right angles add up to 360°, making this the correct answer.
- Option (4): Six right angles is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (3) Four right angles. Quick Tip: The sum of the interior angles of any quadrilateral is always 360°.

Step 1: Understanding the Area of a Triangle and Rectangle.

The area of a triangle is given by: \[ Area of triangle = \frac{1}{2} \times base \times height. \]
The area of a rectangle is: \[ Area of rectangle = base \times height. \]
For the same base and height, the area of the triangle will be half the area of the rectangle. Therefore, the ratio is 1:2.

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): The correct ratio is 1:2.
- Option (2): 2:1 is incorrect.
- Option (3): 1:3 is incorrect.
- Option (4): 1:4 is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (1) 1:2. Quick Tip: The area of a triangle is half the area of a rectangle with the same base and height.

Step 1: Understanding Equi-Quadrilateral Shapes.

An equi-quadrilateral is a quadrilateral with all sides of equal length. A square and rhombus are equi-quadrilaterals, as all their sides are equal. A rectangle and parallelogram may have unequal sides.

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): A square has all sides equal, so it is an equi-quadrilateral.
- Option (2): A rectangle has unequal adjacent sides, so it is not an equi-quadrilateral.
- Option (3): A parallelogram with equal sides could be an equi-quadrilateral if the sides are equal.
- Option (4): A rhombus has all sides equal, so it is an equi-quadrilateral.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Figure of rectangle with length \( x \) and breadth \( y \). Quick Tip: An equi-quadrilateral has all four sides of equal length. A square and rhombus are examples.

Step 1: Understanding Perpendicular Dividers.

A perpendicular divider splits the line into two equal parts. The ratio of 1:1 represents equal parts, which corresponds to a perpendicular division.

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): 1:3 is not a perpendicular divider.
- Option (2): 1:1 represents equal division, making this the correct answer.
- Option (3): 2:1 is not a perpendicular divider.
- Option (4): 3:1 is not a perpendicular divider.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) Figure of A:B = 1:1. Quick Tip: A perpendicular divider divides a line into two equal parts, represented by a 1:1 ratio.

Step 1: Understanding Circular Shapes and Motions.

A circular shape or motion follows a round path. Moving objects like the electric fan, eye ball, and cycle ring all follow circular paths. However, water falling from a tap follows a vertical path and is not circular.

Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): A moving electric fan has circular motion.
- Option (2): The black eye ball moves in a circular motion.
- Option (3): A cycle ring is circular.
- Option (4): Water falling from a tap follows a downward, non-circular motion.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (4) Water falling from a tap. Quick Tip: Water falling from a tap does not follow a circular path like the other options.

Step 1: Understanding the Metric Conversion.

1 hectometre (hm) is equal to 100 metres. This is because 1 hectometre is 100 times 1 metre.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): 1000 is incorrect.
- Option (2): 100 is correct, as 1 hectometre equals 100 metres.
- Option (3): 10 is incorrect.
- Option (4): 10000 is incorrect.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (2) 100. Quick Tip: 1 hectometre = 100 metres.

Step 1: Understanding the Clock Face.

The small hand on 5 and the big hand on 12 form a straight angle, as the angle between 12 and 5 is exactly 180°.


Step 2: Verifying the Options.

- Option (1): Obtuse angle is incorrect as the angle is 180°.
- Option (2): Acute angle is incorrect as the angle is greater than 90°.
- Option (3): A straight angle is 180°, which is the correct answer.
- Option (4): Reflex angle is incorrect, as the angle is not greater than 180°.

Conclusion:

Therefore, the correct answer is (3) Straight angle. Quick Tip: A straight angle is 180°, formed when the two hands are opposite each other on the clock face.

Steps of Construction:

Step 1: Preparing the Canvas and Layout

- Begin by drawing a rectangle with the given dimensions of 25 cm (width) and 22 cm (height) on your drawing sheet. This rectangle will act as the boundary for your painting.
- Lightly sketch the main elements of the scene in the rectangle, such as the village girl, hut, cow, birds, and any other objects. Ensure they are positioned proportionally and are balanced within the given space.


Step 2: Drawing the Village Girl and Hut

- Draw the village girl in the centre, ensuring she is depicted in a natural walking pose, carrying a bundle on her head. Focus on accurate body proportions and clothing details that reflect a typical village girl.
- Draw the hut in the background, with a thatched roof, simple walls, and a door. The hut should be slightly angled to give a sense of perspective. Place it slightly to the side to maintain balance in the composition.


Step 3: Adding the Cow and Birds

- Draw the cow grazing near the base of the scene, with its head lowered to the grass. Add details like the cow's legs, ears, and tail to make it look realistic.
- Add some birds flying in the sky above the village scene. Ensure the birds are scattered to add movement, and make sure they are small and light in comparison to the village girl and other elements.


Step 4: Colouring the Scene

- Colouring the Village Girl: Use natural colours for the village girl’s clothing. You can use earth tones like brown, beige, or faded red. Make sure to use lighter shades for the highlights and darker shades for the shaded regions to give her depth and dimension.
- Colouring the Hut: Use brown or yellow tones for the hut's walls and roof. The roof can have darker shades to give texture, and the grass around the hut can be painted in shades of green to create a natural setting.
- Colouring the Cow: Use light brown or white for the cow, adding darker tones for the legs, ears, and spots. The grass under the cow can be painted in varying shades of green.
- Colouring the Sky and Birds: For the sky, use a gradient of soft blues to simulate the atmosphere. Use light grey or white for the birds to make them stand out against the sky. Add a touch of yellow or orange near the horizon for a warm effect.
- Use of Watercolour or Pastel: Since you are using either watercolour or pastel, remember to blend your colours well for a smooth transition between light and shadow. For watercolours, use gentle washes and build layers for depth. For pastels, use soft blending techniques for smooth transitions between colours.


Step 5: Adding Details and Final Touches

- Add finer details such as facial features on the village girl, texture to the hut’s roof, and shadows for depth and realism.
- Pay special attention to the lighting and how it affects the colour placement. Areas in direct sunlight should have lighter colours, while shaded areas should have darker tones.
- Ensure the composition flows naturally, with the village girl being the focal point, and the hut, cow, and birds supporting the overall scene.


Concepts to Keep in Mind:


(a) Correct Structure and Perspective:

- Ensure that the proportions of the figures (village girl, hut, cow, birds) are accurate. The perspective should create a sense of depth, with elements in the background appearing smaller than those in the foreground.


(b) Composition:

- Balance is key in composition. Position the elements in a way that guides the viewer's eye naturally across the painting. The village girl should be the main focal point, with other elements such as the cow and birds adding to the story without overcrowding the scene.


(c) Use of Proper Colours:

- Select natural, earthy colours for the village setting to reflect the rural environment. Make sure the colours complement each other, with harmonious tones for the sky, grass, and animals. Ensure the lighting (whether it’s morning, afternoon, or evening) is consistent throughout the painting.


(d) General Effect and Attraction:

- The overall effect should be peaceful, reflecting the serenity of rural life. The composition, colours, and lighting should work together to evoke a sense of calm and attraction. Keep the scene balanced and pleasant to the eye. Quick Tip: Ensure to blend your colours well, use light washes for watercolours, and soft strokes for pastels to create smooth transitions in the scene.

Steps of Construction:


Step 1: Preparing the Canvas and Layout

- Begin by drawing a rectangle with the dimensions 20 cm (width) and 16 cm (height) on your drawing sheet. This rectangle will be the canvas for your tablecloth design.
- Lightly sketch a few Indian flower motifs (such as lotus, hibiscus, marigold) and buds that will form the core of your design. Position these motifs evenly throughout the rectangle for a balanced look.


Step 2: Designing the Motifs

- Choose Indian flowers and buds that are characteristic of Indian art, ensuring that each motif is distinct and culturally relevant.
- The flowers should be drawn with fluid lines, giving a sense of natural flow. Begin with the basic outlines of each flower, and then fill in the petals, leaves, and buds, keeping them symmetrical and well-proportioned.


Step 3: Creating Continuity of Line

- To ensure a continuous and harmonious flow, connect the flowers and buds with gentle curves or intertwining vines. These lines will guide the viewer's eye around the design.
- Make sure that the lines are flowing and organic, creating a sense of movement across the canvas. Avoid sharp, disconnected lines; instead, opt for curving and graceful lines that link the elements of the design.


Step 4: Colouring the Design

- Colouring the Flowers and Buds: Use at least three different colours for the flowers and buds to create a vibrant, eye-catching design. You can use shades of red, yellow, and orange for the flowers to make them stand out. The leaves can be painted in different shades of green to complement the bright flowers.
- Best Colour Combinations: Choose colours that harmonize with each other. For example, red and green are complementary colours that work well together, while yellow and orange can create a warm, vibrant effect. Ensure that no colour overpowers another and that the overall composition is visually balanced.
- Using Watercolour or Pastel: Watercolours can be used for soft blending and creating smooth transitions between colours. Pastels can give a more textured, bold effect, especially in areas like the petals and leaves. Choose a medium based on the texture and effect you want to achieve.


Step 5: Detailing and Adding Final Touches

- Once the main elements are coloured, add finer details like veins in the petals and leaves, additional shading around the flowers, and highlights to create a three-dimensional effect.
- To enhance the design, consider adding delicate patterns around the borders of the rectangle or in the spaces between the flowers. These can be small, repetitive patterns inspired by traditional Indian motifs like paisleys or spirals.


Concepts to Keep in Mind:


(a) Originality of Unit:

- Ensure that the design feels original and unique. While using Indian flowers and buds, try to give your design a fresh interpretation. The flowers should not be copied exactly from a reference but rather stylized or arranged in an innovative way.


(b) Continuity of Line:

- The lines connecting the flowers and buds should be fluid and continuous. This will guide the viewer’s eye across the painting, making it easy to follow and adding to the overall harmony of the design.


(c) Best Colour Combination:

- Use colours that complement each other and create a balanced, harmonious effect. A good colour combination is essential for an attractive design. For example, you can pair warm colours like red, yellow, and orange with cool tones like green and blue. Ensure that the flowers stand out without clashing with the background or other elements.


(d) General Effect and Attraction:

- The overall effect should be visually appealing. Pay attention to the balance and symmetry of the design, and make sure that no part of the painting feels crowded or too empty. The painting should draw the viewer’s attention to the centre, but also feel pleasing across the whole surface. Quick Tip: Use smooth, flowing lines for continuity and a harmonious blend of colours to create a balanced and visually attractive design.

(a) Construct a common direct tangent on two unequal circles of radius 3 cm and 4 cm respectively whose centres are 8 cm apart.


Steps of Construction:

Step 1: Draw the Circles.
Begin by drawing two circles with radii 3 cm and 4 cm. Mark the centres of the circles as \( O_1 \) and \( O_2 \), respectively. The distance between the centres \( O_1 \) and \( O_2 \) is given as 8 cm.

Step 2: Join the Centres.
Join the centres \( O_1 \) and \( O_2 \) with a straight line. The length of this line is 8 cm.

Step 3: Construct the Direct Tangent.
Using the formula for the length of a common tangent between two circles, draw a line that is the common direct tangent. The length of the direct tangent can be calculated using the formula:
\[ L = \sqrt{d^2 - (r_1 - r_2)^2} \]
where \( d \) is the distance between the centres, and \( r_1 \) and \( r_2 \) are the radii of the circles. In this case, \( d = 8 \), \( r_1 = 4 \), and \( r_2 = 3 \). Solve for the length of the tangent.

Step 4: Draw the Tangent.
Draw the common tangent line, ensuring it touches both circles without intersecting them. Label the points where the tangent touches the circles as \( P_1 \) and \( P_2 \).



Concepts to Keep in Mind:
- The direct tangent to two unequal circles touches both circles externally at one point each.
- The formula for the length of the tangent line between two circles is crucial to solve this construction.



(b) Construct an isosceles triangle ABC, Base AB = 7 cm and its height is 5 cm.


Steps of Construction:

Step 1: Draw the Base.
Start by drawing a base \( AB \) of length 7 cm.

Step 2: Mark the Midpoint.
Mark the midpoint \( M \) of the base \( AB \).

Step 3: Draw the Height.
From point \( M \), draw a perpendicular line upwards. This line represents the height of the triangle, and it should be 5 cm long.

Step 4: Complete the Triangle.
From the top of the height line, use a compass to draw arcs from points \( A \) and \( B \), each with a radius equal to the length of the sides of the isosceles triangle. These arcs will meet at point \( C \), completing the triangle.

Step 5: Finalize the Construction.
Connect points \( A \), \( B \), and \( C \) to complete the isosceles triangle.



Concepts to Keep in Mind:
- An isosceles triangle has two equal sides. The height divides the base into two equal parts.
- The perpendicular height is crucial for constructing the triangle correctly.



(c) In a semi-circle of diameter 10 cm, draw a beautiful geometrical design.


Steps of Construction:

Step 1: Draw the Semi-Circle.
Start by drawing a diameter of 10 cm. Use this as the base of your semi-circle.

Step 2: Draw the Arc.
Use a compass with a radius of 5 cm (half of the diameter) to draw the arc that forms the semi-circle above the base.

Step 3: Add Geometrical Design.
Begin adding geometric shapes inside the semi-circle. You can draw concentric circles, triangles, or other regular polygons within the semi-circle. Experiment with different sizes and placements to create a harmonious design.

Step 4: Enhance the Design.
Use lines and curves to link the geometric shapes, creating a balanced and attractive design. Ensure the shapes are evenly spaced, and add intricate details for aesthetic appeal.

Step 5: Colouring and Final Touches.
Colour the design using a selection of vibrant colours, ensuring they complement each other and create an appealing visual effect. Pay attention to the placement of colours to maintain harmony.



Concepts to Keep in Mind:
- A semi-circle provides a natural shape for creating intricate, circular designs.
- Symmetry and balance are key elements in creating a harmonious design.


(d) Construct a hexagon of side 6 cm each.


Steps of Construction:

Step 1: Draw a Circle.
Start by drawing a circle with a radius of 6 cm using a compass.

Step 2: Mark the First Point.
Mark a point on the circumference of the circle. This will be your first vertex.

Step 3: Construct the Hexagon.
Using a protractor or compass, divide the circumference of the circle into 6 equal parts. Each part will be 60°. Mark these points on the circle.

Step 4: Connect the Points.
Connect the consecutive points on the circumference of the circle with straight lines to form the hexagon.

Step 5: Finalize the Construction.
Once the hexagon is constructed, you can shade or highlight the hexagon to enhance its appearance.



Concepts to Keep in Mind:
- A hexagon has six equal sides and angles of 120°.
- A circle is the best way to construct a regular hexagon, as its vertices must lie on the circumference.



(e) Construct a circumcircle of triangle ABC whose sides are AB = 7 cm, BC = 6 cm, and AC = 5 cm.


Steps of Construction:

Step 1: Draw the Triangle.
Start by drawing triangle ABC with the given side lengths: \( AB = 7 \, cm \), \( BC = 6 \, cm \), and \( AC = 5 \, cm \).

Step 2: Perpendicular Bisectors.
To construct the circumcircle, first draw the perpendicular bisectors of at least two sides of the triangle. Use a compass to find the midpoints of sides \( AB \) and \( AC \), then construct the perpendicular bisectors through these midpoints.

Step 3: Locate the Circumcenter.
The point where the two perpendicular bisectors intersect is the circumcenter, which is the center of the circumcircle. Mark this point as \( O \).

Step 4: Draw the Circumcircle.
Using a compass with \( O \) as the center, draw a circle passing through any of the vertices (for example, point \( A \)). This is the circumcircle of triangle ABC.

Step 5: Finalize the Construction.
The circle should pass through all three vertices of the triangle. Ensure that all points are correctly placed and that the circle is drawn smoothly.



Concepts to Keep in Mind:
- The circumcenter is equidistant from all three vertices of the triangle.
- The circumcircle passes through all three vertices of the triangle. Quick Tip: The common tangent is the straight line that touches both circles externally without crossing them.
In an isosceles triangle, the height from the apex to the base bisects the base into two equal parts.
In geometric designs, symmetry and evenly spaced elements enhance visual appeal.
To construct a regular hexagon, divide the circle into six equal parts, each with a 60° angle.
The circumcircle of a triangle is constructed by finding the perpendicular bisectors of the sides and their point of intersection (the circumcenter).

Part (A): Memory Drawing Construction


Step 1: Choose the Subject.
Select one subject from the list in Part (A) (e.g., "Guava with leaves"). Focus on observing the object carefully and study its proportions, texture, and lines. The object should be clearly understood before you start drawing.


Step 2: Start with Basic Shapes.
Begin by sketching the basic shapes that make up the object. For example, if you are drawing "Guava with leaves", start by drawing the basic outline of the guava (usually round or slightly oval). Add the leaves by drawing simple shapes like ovals or oblongs. These initial shapes help to form the foundation of your drawing.


Step 3: Add Details.
Once the basic shapes are drawn, refine your sketch by adding details. For the guava, this would include the texture of the fruit, any imperfections, and the stem. For the leaves, focus on the veins and the edges. Ensure that the proportions are correct and that the details are proportionate to each other.


Step 4: Beautify the Lines.
Use soft, clean pencil strokes to define the outlines of the object. Keep the lines light and delicate at first. As you add more details, make sure the lines follow the natural curves and shapes of the object. Ensure that the drawing has a natural, realistic flow, with smooth transitions between different parts of the drawing.


Step 5: Shading and Final Touches.
After completing the line drawing, start shading to give depth to the drawing. Focus on areas of the object that would naturally be darker (such as the bottom of the guava or the inner side of the leaves). Use soft shading techniques to create a realistic effect. Ensure the proportions and positioning are correct as per the reference.


Concepts to Keep in Mind:

Originality in representing the object.
Proportional accuracy of the shapes, especially when drawing natural objects like fruits or plants.
Beauty in the smoothness of the line work and shading.



Part (B): Memory Drawing Construction


Step 1: Choose the Subject.
Select one subject from Part (B) (e.g., "Cup and plate"). Study the object and its structure. Identify its proportions and overall shape. Remember, each item has its own distinct structure that must be understood before you start drawing.


Step 2: Begin with Basic Shapes.
Start by drawing the basic geometric shapes that make up the object. For a "Cup and plate" drawing, start by sketching the shape of the cup (a cylinder or cone) and the plate (a circle). These forms provide a foundation for your drawing.


Step 3: Add Details.
Once you have the basic shapes, add the details. Draw the handle of the cup and the edges of the plate. For the cup, add the curved lines that give it depth. For the plate, focus on the lip and base. The details should be proportionate and in harmony with the overall shape of the objects.


Step 4: Beautify the Lines.
Smooth out the lines of the objects. Use clean, gentle strokes that follow the natural contours of the objects. For a cup and plate, the lines should be soft, especially around the curves of the cup and the rim of the plate.


Step 5: Shading and Final Touches.
Once the line drawing is done, add shading to enhance the three-dimensional appearance of the objects. Focus on areas where shadows would naturally fall, such as the underside of the cup and the inner part of the plate. Use soft shading to give depth to the drawing. Ensure that the proportions remain accurate, with the cup and plate appearing balanced and realistic.


Concepts to Keep in Mind:

Focus on the proportionate representation of each object.
The beauty of the line work should flow naturally and gracefully.
Add realistic shading to make the drawing appear lifelike. Quick Tip: When drawing objects from memory, focus on the overall shape first, then add details gradually to maintain proportional accuracy.