CBSE 2026 Class 12 History Set 2 Question Paper with Solutions

Concept:
Jainism, like Buddhism, spread widely across India due to its teachings, literature, and support from rulers and followers. The use of regional languages helped in reaching a larger population.

Step 1: Understanding the Assertion.

The statement that Jainism spread to many parts of India is correct. It gained followers in regions like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.

Step 2: Understanding the Reason.

Jaina scholars composed religious and philosophical texts in various languages such as Prakrit, Sanskrit, and Tamil. This made their teachings accessible to common people.

Step 3: Link between Assertion and Reason.

The use of multiple languages helped spread Jain teachings widely, which supports the assertion.

Final Answer:

Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). Quick Tip: Use of \textbf{local languages} played a key role in spreading religions like \textbf{Jainism and Buddhism}.

Concept:
Buddhist teachings are based on the ideas of impermanence, suffering, and the absence of a permanent soul. These principles are central to the philosophy of Buddhism.

Step 1: Statement I.

Buddhism teaches the concept of Anitya (impermanence), which means the world is constantly changing. Hence, Statement I is correct.

Step 2: Statement II.

Buddhism also emphasizes \textit{Anatman, meaning there is no eternal soul. Therefore, Statement II is correct.

Step 3: Statement III.

The Buddha taught that life involves suffering (\textit{Dukkha), which is explained in the Four Noble Truths. Hence, Statement III is correct.

Step 4: Statement IV.

Buddhism does not insist that renouncing the world is essential for everyone. The Middle Path encourages a balanced way of life. Therefore, Statement IV is incorrect.

Final Answer:

Statements I, II, and III are correct. Quick Tip: Key concepts of Buddhism include \textbf{Anitya (impermanence), Anatman (no soul), and Dukkha (suffering).

Concept:
Many ancient Indian scholars contributed important literary and political works. Matching scholars with their famous works helps understand the intellectual and cultural development of ancient India.

Step 1: Kautilya.

Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) wrote the famous political and economic treatise Arthashastra.

Therefore: a → ii

Step 2: Harishena.

Harishena was the court poet of Samudragupta and composed the \textit{Prayag Prashasti, which describes the achievements of the Gupta ruler.

Therefore: b → iv

Step 3: Banabhatta.

Banabhatta was a renowned writer in the court of Harshavardhana and authored the biography \textit{Harshacharita.

Therefore: c → i

Step 4: Bharat.

Bharat Muni is traditionally credited with writing the \textit{Natyashastra, a classical text on drama, dance, and music.

Therefore: d → iii

Final Answer:

The correct matching is:

a–ii, b–iv, c–i, d–iii

Hence, the correct option is (C). Quick Tip: \textbf{Kautilya → Arthashastra
\textbf{Banabhatta → Harshacharita}
\textbf{Bharat Muni → Natyashastra}
\textbf{Harishena → Prayag Prashasti}

Concept:
Eklavya is a well-known character from the Indian epic Mahabharata. His story is often cited as an example of dedication, respect for one's teacher, and the social hierarchy that existed in ancient times.

Step 1: Understanding option (A).

Eklavya was not the favourite student of Dronacharya. Arjuna was considered Drona’s favourite disciple. Therefore, option (A) is incorrect.

Step 2: Understanding option (B).

Eklavya did not belong to the Kuru lineage. He was the son of a Nishada chief (a tribal community). Hence, option (B) is incorrect.

Step 3: Understanding option (C).

Eklavya practiced archery by making a statue of Dronacharya as his teacher. When Drona asked for Guru Dakshina, Eklavya willingly offered his right thumb. This statement is correct.

Step 4: Understanding option (D).

Eklavya was not a co-student or close friend of Arjuna in Drona’s gurukul. Hence, option (D) is incorrect.

Final Answer:

The correct statement is that Eklavya offered his right thumb to Drona as Guru Dakshina. Quick Tip: Eklavya is remembered for his \textbf{devotion to his teacher and his sacrifice of his \textbf{right thumb as Guru Dakshina}.

Concept:
Gautamiputra Satakarni was one of the most powerful rulers of the Satavahana dynasty. He is known for restoring the power of the Satavahanas and for his policies that upheld the traditional social order.

Step 1: Understanding option (A).

Gautamiputra Satakarni was not a ruler of the Shaka dynasty; rather he defeated the Shaka rulers. Hence, this statement is incorrect.

Step 2: Understanding option (B).

According to inscriptions such as the Nasik Prashasti, he took measures to uphold the social order and claimed that he ensured no intermarriage among members of the four varnas. Hence, this statement is correct.

Step 3: Understanding option (C).

Marriage alliances with the Gupta rulers occurred much later in Indian history, so this statement does not relate to Gautamiputra Satakarni.

Step 4: Understanding option (D).

The rebuilding of Sudarshan Lake is associated with the ruler Rudradaman, not Gautamiputra Satakarni.

Final Answer:

The correct statement is that he ensured no intermarriage among members of the four varnas. Quick Tip: \textbf{Gautamiputra Satakarni} was a powerful \textbf{Satavahana ruler} known for defeating the Shakas and upholding the \textbf{varna social order}.

Concept:
The introduction of gold coins marked an important development in ancient Indian trade and economy. Gold coins were widely used for large-scale trade and were often issued by powerful rulers to demonstrate their wealth and authority.

Step 1: Mauryan rulers.

The Mauryan rulers mainly issued silver punch-marked coins rather than gold coins. Hence, option (B) is incorrect.

Step 2: Vakataka rulers.

The Vakataka rulers ruled parts of central India but are not known for issuing the earliest gold coins.

Step 3: Gupta rulers.

The Gupta rulers issued many beautiful and high-quality gold coins. However, they were not the first rulers to introduce gold coins in India.

Step 4: Kushana rulers.

The Kushana rulers, especially King Kanishka, are credited with issuing the first large number of gold coins in India. These coins played an important role in promoting trade and economic prosperity.

Final Answer:

The first gold coins in ancient India were issued by the Kushana rulers. Quick Tip: The \textbf{Kushanas}, particularly \textbf{Kanishka}, issued some of the earliest gold coins in ancient India, which promoted trade and commerce.

Concept:
The sculpture shown in the image is the famous rock relief known as “Arjuna's Penance” or \textit{“Descent of the Ganga”. It is located at Mahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu and is one of the greatest masterpieces of Pallava art.

Step 1: Identification of the sculpture.

The image shows a massive rock-cut relief carved on two large boulders with numerous figures of gods, sages, animals, and humans. This style is characteristic of the sculptures found at Mahabalipuram.

Step 2: Historical background.

Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram) was an important port city during the rule of the Pallava dynasty in the 7^th century CE. The rulers of this dynasty commissioned many rock-cut temples and sculptures.

Step 3: Features of the sculpture.

The relief depicts mythological themes associated with the descent of the River Ganga to earth or Arjuna performing penance. The detailed carvings of animals, celestial beings, and ascetics are distinctive features of Mahabalipuram sculptures.

Final Answer:

The sculpture shown in the image is from Mahabalipuram. Quick Tip: \textbf{Mahabalipuram in Tamil Nadu is famous for its \textbf{rock-cut temples and sculptures} created during the \textbf{Pallava dynasty}.

Concept:
Agriculture was the backbone of the Mughal economy. Its development depended on factors such as the availability of land, labour, and the ability of peasants to move to new lands for cultivation. However, modern irrigation technologies like tube-wells were not used during the Mughal period.

Step 1: Availability of land.

During the Mughal period, large areas of land were available for cultivation, which helped expand agricultural production.

Step 2: Availability of labour.

Agriculture relied heavily on manual labour, and there was a sufficient supply of labour in rural areas.

Step 3: Mobility among peasants.

Peasants could move from one place to another in search of better land or employment, which contributed to agricultural expansion.

Step 4: Tube-wells for irrigation.

Tube-well irrigation is a modern agricultural technology that developed much later. During Mughal times, irrigation mainly depended on wells, canals, tanks, and rivers.

Final Answer:

The factor that was not responsible for the development of agriculture during Mughal India was availability of tube-wells for irrigation. Quick Tip: In Mughal India, irrigation mainly depended on \textbf{wells, canals, tanks, and rivers}, not modern \textbf{tube-wells}.

Concept:
Many foreign travellers visited India during the medieval period and recorded valuable accounts about Indian society, culture, economy, and administration. These travel records are important historical sources.

Step 1: Peter Mundy.

Peter Mundy was an English traveller and merchant, not from Spain. Therefore, option (A) is incorrect.

Step 2: Antonio Monserrate.

Antonio Monserrate was a Jesuit missionary from Spain who visited the Mughal court during Akbar's reign. Hence, option (B) is incorrect.

Step 3: Abdal-Razzak.

Abdal-Razzak was a Persian traveller from Herat (in present-day Afghanistan/Iran region), not Morocco. Therefore, option (C) is incorrect.

Step 4: Marco Polo.

Marco Polo was a famous traveller and merchant from Italy who visited parts of Asia and described his travels in detail.

Final Answer:

The correctly matched pair is Marco Polo – Italy. Quick Tip: \textbf{Marco Polo} was an Italian traveller whose travel accounts provide valuable information about Asia during the medieval period.

Concept:
Different regions of India during the 16^th and 17^th centuries were inhabited by various tribal communities. These communities played an important role in regional politics, economy, and culture.

Step 1: Punjab region.

The Lohani tribe was associated with the Punjab region during the medieval period.

Step 2: Assam region.

The Ahoms were a powerful tribal group in Assam who established the Ahom kingdom and ruled the region for several centuries.

Step 3: Mewar region.

The Bhils were an important tribal community living in the Mewar region of present-day Rajasthan.

Final Answer:

The correct tribal community for Assam is Ahoms. Quick Tip: \textbf{Ahoms} ruled Assam for several centuries and played a major role in the history of the region.

Concept:
These dynasties ruled the Vijayanagara Empire at different periods. Arranging them in chronological order helps understand the political history of the Vijayanagara kingdom.

Step 1: Sangama dynasty.

The Sangama dynasty was the first ruling dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire, founded by Harihara and Bukka in 1336.

Step 2: Saluva dynasty.

After the decline of the Sangama rulers, the Saluva dynasty came to power in the late 15^th century.

Step 3: Tuluva dynasty.

The Tuluva dynasty succeeded the Saluva dynasty. The famous ruler Krishnadevaraya belonged to this dynasty.

Step 4: Aravidu dynasty.

The Aravidu dynasty was the last ruling dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Final Answer:

The correct chronological order is:

Sangama → Saluva → Tuluva → Aravidu

Hence, the correct option is (D) II, I, IV, III. Quick Tip: The Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by four dynasties in order:
\textbf{Sangama → Saluva → Tuluva → Aravidu}.

Concept:
Sufism played an important role in medieval Indian society by promoting spiritual values, love, and harmony. Many Sufi saints established hospices (khanqahs) where people gathered for spiritual guidance.

Step 1: Location of the hospice.

The hospice mentioned on the banks of the Yamuna in Delhi refers to the khanqah of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya, a famous Sufi saint of the Chishti order.

Step 2: Disciple Amir Khusro.

Amir Khusro, the famous poet, scholar, and musician, was one of the most devoted disciples of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.

Step 3: Title Sultan-ul-Mashaikh.

Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya was respectfully addressed by his followers as Sultan-ul-Mashaikh, meaning the “King among spiritual guides.”

Final Answer:

The Sufi saint described in the question is Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya. Quick Tip: \textbf{Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya was a prominent Sufi saint of the \textbf{Chishti order}, and \textbf{Amir Khusro} was his famous disciple.

Concept:
The Bhakti movement in South India was led by the Alvars (devotees of Vishnu) and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva). They spread devotion through hymns, poetry, and personal religious experiences expressed in Tamil.

Step 1: Statement I.

Alvars and Nayanars travelled widely across temples and regions, singing devotional hymns in Tamil and spreading the message of Bhakti. Hence, Statement I is correct.

Step 2: Statement II.

The major collection of Alvar hymns is known as the Divya Prabandham, which is often referred to as the “Tamil Veda.” \textit{Amuktamalyada was written later by the Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadevaraya. Therefore, Statement II is incorrect.

Step 3: Statement III.

Karaikkal Ammaiyar was a famous woman saint among the Nayanars, and Andal was a well-known female devotee among the Alvars. Hence, Statement III is correct.

Step 4: Statement IV.

The Bhakti saints were widely respected by different sections of society, including the Vellala peasants. Hence, Statement IV is correct.

Final Answer:

The correct statements are I, III and IV. Hence, the correct option is (D). Quick Tip: \textbf{Alvars were devotees of Vishnu and \textbf{Nayanars} were devotees of Shiva who spread Bhakti through Tamil devotional hymns.

Concept:
During the Delhi Sultanate, many foreign scholars and travellers visited India and served in the royal court. One such traveller was Ibn Battuta, whose writings provide valuable information about medieval India.

Step 1: Ibn Battuta's background.

Ibn Battuta was a famous Moroccan traveller who visited India during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlaq in the 14^th century.

Step 2: Appointment as Qazi.

Impressed by his knowledge of Islamic law, Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlaq appointed Ibn Battuta as the Qazi (judge) of Delhi.

Step 3: Historical importance.

Ibn Battuta later wrote about his experiences in his famous travel account \textit{Rihla, which describes the political, social, and cultural life of India during the Delhi Sultanate.

Final Answer:

The person appointed as Qazi of Delhi by Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was Ibn Battuta. Quick Tip: \textbf{Ibn Battuta, a traveller from Morocco, was appointed \textbf{Qazi of Delhi} by \textbf{Muhammad Bin Tughlaq}.

Concept:
During the British colonial period, several British officials conducted surveys and studies in India to understand its resources, geography, and society. One such officer was Francis Buchanan.

Step 1: Professional background.

Francis Buchanan was a trained physician who worked with the British East India Company.

Step 2: Work in Bengal.

He carried out extensive surveys in Bengal and other regions to document agricultural practices, trade, and local resources.

Step 3: Contribution to zoology.

Francis Buchanan also organised a zoo in Calcutta and contributed to the study of natural history.

Step 4: Name change.

Later, he adopted the surname Hamilton, and he is often referred to as Francis Buchanan-Hamilton.

Final Answer:

The British officer described is Francis Buchanan. Quick Tip: \textbf{Francis Buchanan-Hamilton was a physician, surveyor, and naturalist who conducted important surveys in Bengal during the British period.

Concept:
During the colonial period, the British encouraged the settlement of Santhals in the Raj Mahal hills to clear forests and expand agriculture. This settlement affected the indigenous Paharia communities who had been living in the region earlier.

Step 1: Settlement of Santhals.

The British administration invited Santhals to settle in the forested areas of Raj Mahal hills and cultivate the land.

Step 2: Impact on Paharias.

As Santhals cleared forests and expanded cultivation, the Paharia communities were gradually pushed away from the fertile lowlands.

Step 3: Migration to upper hills.

The Paharias moved to the higher and less fertile regions of the hills to escape the growing Santhal settlements.

Final Answer:

The arrival of Santhals led to the displacement of the Paharias, who moved to the upper hills. Quick Tip: The British settled \textbf{Santhals} in the Raj Mahal hills for cultivation, which forced the \textbf{Paharias} to move to the upper hills.

Concept:
Vietnam struggled for independence from colonial and imperialist control, particularly from French rule. One of the most prominent leaders of this struggle was Ho Chi Minh.

Step 1: Ho Chi Minh's leadership.

Ho Chi Minh was a Vietnamese revolutionary leader who played a key role in organizing the nationalist movement against French colonial rule.

Step 2: Formation of Viet Minh.

He founded the Viet Minh organization, which led the struggle for Vietnam’s independence and mobilized people against foreign domination.

Step 3: Achievement of independence.

After years of struggle, Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam’s independence in 1945 and later became the President of North Vietnam.

Final Answer:

The leader who struggled to free Vietnam from imperialist control was Ho Chi Minh. Quick Tip: \textbf{Ho Chi Minh} was the key leader of Vietnam’s independence movement and founder of the \textbf{Viet Minh}.

Concept:
Several British officials introduced different policies during the colonial period in India. Identifying the correct association between an officer and a policy helps in understanding colonial administration.

Step 1: Dalhousie – Doctrine of Lapse.

Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse, under which the British annexed Indian states if the ruler died without a natural heir.

Step 2: Cornwallis – Permanent Settlement.

Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793 to fix land revenue permanently.

Step 3: Wellesley – Western Education.

Lord Wellesley was known for introducing the Subsidiary Alliance system, not Western Education. Hence, this pair is incorrectly matched.

Step 4: Hardinge – Enfield rifles.

The Enfield rifle cartridges were introduced during the British rule and became one of the causes of the Revolt of 1857.

Final Answer:

The incorrectly matched pair (odd one out) is Wellesley – Western Education. Quick Tip: \textbf{Wellesley} is associated with the \textbf{Subsidiary Alliance}, not with Western education.

Concept:
The Constituent Assembly of India was formed to draft the Constitution of India. Several committees were created within the Assembly to handle different aspects of the Constitution.

Step 1: Role of the Advisory Committee.

The Advisory Committee was responsible for preparing reports on fundamental rights, minority rights, and the administration of tribal and excluded areas.

Step 2: Head of the committee.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was appointed as the chairman of the Advisory Committee in the Constituent Assembly.

Step 3: Contribution of Sardar Patel.

Under his leadership, the committee made important recommendations that shaped the provisions related to fundamental rights and minority protections in the Constitution.

Final Answer:

The head of the Advisory Committee of the Constituent Assembly was Sardar Patel. Quick Tip: \textbf{Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel} chaired the \textbf{Advisory Committee} on Fundamental Rights, Minorities, and Tribal Areas in the Constituent Assembly.

Concept:
Nana Saheb was one of the prominent leaders of the Revolt of 1857. He played a major role in organizing the rebellion against British rule, particularly in the region of Kanpur.

Step 1: Statement I.

Nana Saheb was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II, but the British refused to recognize him as the successor. Hence, this statement is incorrect.

Step 2: Statement II.

Nana Saheb actively participated in the Revolt of 1857 and led the uprising from Kanpur. Therefore, this statement is correct.

Step 3: Statement III.

The rebellion did not collapse at the beginning of 1857. In fact, it started in 1857 and continued for some time across different regions. Hence, this statement is incorrect.

Step 4: Statement IV.

After the suppression of the revolt, Nana Saheb is believed to have escaped to Nepal. Thus, this statement is correct.

Final Answer:

The correct statements are II and IV. Hence, the correct option is (B). Quick Tip: \textbf{Nana Saheb} was a key leader of the \textbf{Revolt of 1857} and led the uprising at \textbf{Kanpur}.

Concept:
Several important events during the Indian national movement occurred in the early 20^th century. Arranging them in chronological order helps understand the sequence of political developments during the freedom struggle.

Step 1: Champaran Satyagraha (1917).

This was Mahatma Gandhi's first Satyagraha movement in India. It was organized in Champaran, Bihar, to protest against the exploitation of indigo farmers by British planters.

Step 2: Kheda Satyagraha (1918).

The Kheda Satyagraha took place in Gujarat where farmers demanded relief from land revenue due to crop failure.

Step 3: Rowlatt Act (1919).

The British government passed the Rowlatt Act in 1919, which allowed detention of political prisoners without trial and led to widespread protests across India.

Step 4: Jallianwala Bagh Incident (1919).

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on 13 April 1919 in Amritsar when British troops opened fire on a peaceful gathering of people.

Final Answer:

The correct chronological order is:

Champaran Satyagraha → Kheda Satyagraha → Rowlatt Act → Jallianwala Bagh Incident.

Hence, the correct option is (B) I, II, IV, III. Quick Tip: Key events: \textbf{Champaran (1917) → Kheda (1918) → Rowlatt Act (1919) → Jallianwala Bagh (1919)}.

(a)

Concept:
Enlightenment refers to the realization of the ultimate truth about life and liberation from the cycle of birth and death. Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment after years of spiritual search and meditation.

Step 1: Early life and renunciation.

Siddhartha Gautama was born as a prince in Lumbini. After witnessing the sufferings of life such as old age, disease, and death, he renounced his royal life in search of truth.

Step 2: Years of meditation and penance.

He spent several years practicing severe penance and meditation with different teachers but did not find the ultimate answer to human suffering.

Step 3: Meditation under the Bodhi tree.

Finally, Siddhartha meditated deeply under a Peepal tree at Bodh Gaya. After intense meditation, he attained enlightenment and understood the nature of suffering and the path to liberation.

Step 4: Becoming the Buddha.

After attaining enlightenment, Siddhartha Gautama became known as the Buddha, meaning “the Enlightened One,” and began teaching the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

Final Answer:

Buddha attained enlightenment after deep meditation under the Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya, where he realized the causes of suffering and the path to liberation.



Solution (b):

Concept:
Buddhist literature such as the Jataka tales and other religious texts provide valuable information that helps historians interpret and understand the sculptures and symbols found at Buddhist sites like Sanchi.

Step 1: Explanation of symbols.

Early Buddhist art avoided depicting the Buddha in human form. Instead, symbols like the Bodhi tree, empty throne, footprints, and the wheel (Dharmachakra) were used. Buddhist literature helps explain the meaning of these symbols.

Step 2: Stories from Jataka tales.

Many sculptures at Sanchi illustrate stories from the Jataka tales, which describe the previous births of the Buddha. These stories help historians interpret the narrative carvings on the stupas.

Step 3: Understanding historical context.

Buddhist texts describe religious practices, rituals, and teachings, which help scholars understand the purpose and significance of the sculptures and monuments.

Final Answer:

Buddhist literature helps explain the symbols, stories, and religious meanings represented in the sculptures of Sanchi, enabling historians to better understand Buddhist art and culture. Quick Tip: The \textbf{Jataka tales} and other Buddhist texts help interpret the \textbf{symbols and stories} carved on the Sanchi stupas.

Concept:
In ancient Indian society, social organization was structured through the concepts of Varna and Jati. Though related, these two categories were different in their nature, scope, and functioning.

Step 1: Meaning of Varna.

Varna refers to the broad classification of society into four main groups based on occupation and social duties. These four Varnas were:

Brahmins – priests and scholars
Kshatriyas – rulers and warriors
Vaishyas – traders and merchants
Shudras – service providers and labourers


Step 2: Meaning of Jati.

Jati refers to smaller, more specific social groups within the broader Varna system. Each Jati was usually associated with a particular occupation, community, or region.

Step 3: Differences between Varna and Jati.


Varna was a theoretical classification with only four main categories, whereas Jati consisted of numerous groups found in different regions.
Varna was described mainly in religious texts, while Jati existed in practical social life.
Jati groups often followed their own customs, rules, and social practices.


Final Answer:

Varna was a broad theoretical division of society into four groups, whereas Jati referred to numerous smaller social groups based on occupation and community that existed in everyday social life. Quick Tip: \textbf{Varna → Four broad social divisions.}
\textbf{Jati → Numerous smaller groups based on occupation and community.}

Concept:
Agriculture was the main occupation during the Mughal period, and women played a significant role in agrarian society. Their contribution was essential in both agricultural activities and household management.

Step 1: Participation in agricultural work.

Women actively participated in various agricultural activities such as sowing, weeding, harvesting, and processing crops. Their labour was important for maintaining agricultural productivity.

Step 2: Role in household economy.

Apart from farm work, women were responsible for managing the household, storing grains, preparing food, and taking care of livestock.

Step 3: Contribution to family livelihood.

Women’s participation in farming and related activities helped support the family income and ensured the survival of rural households.

Step 4: Limited property rights.

Although women contributed significantly to agriculture, they generally had limited rights over land and property in the agrarian system.

Final Answer:

Women played an important role in Mughal agrarian society by participating in farming activities, managing household responsibilities, and contributing to the rural economy, even though their social and property rights were limited. Quick Tip: Women in the Mughal agrarian society were actively involved in \textbf{farming, household work, and livestock care}.

Concept:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism, introduced spiritual and social teachings in the 15^th century that emphasized equality, devotion to one God, and ethical living. These teachings continue to influence society even today.

Step 1: Belief in one God.

Guru Nanak taught that there is only one God who is the creator of the universe. This idea promoted unity among people of different religions.

Step 2: Equality and social justice.

He strongly opposed caste discrimination and emphasized equality among all human beings regardless of caste, religion, or gender.

Step 3: Importance of honest living.

Guru Nanak encouraged people to live honestly, work hard, and share their earnings with those in need.

Step 4: Community service and Langar.

He established the practice of Langar (community kitchen), where people of all backgrounds eat together, promoting unity and equality.

Final Answer:

The traditions set by Guru Nanak Dev Ji remain significant today because they promote equality, unity, honest living, and community service, which continue to guide Sikh religious and social practices. Quick Tip: Guru Nanak’s teachings emphasized \textbf{one God, equality, honest work, and sharing with others.

Concept:
In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi launched a nationwide movement known as the Non-Cooperation Movement. This campaign aimed to unite Indians against British rule through peaceful resistance and non-cooperation with colonial authorities.

Step 1: Rowlatt Act (1919).

The British government passed the Rowlatt Act which allowed the arrest and detention of people without trial. This repressive law created widespread anger among Indians.

Step 2: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

In April 1919, British troops under General Dyer fired on a peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, killing hundreds of people. This incident deeply shocked the nation and strengthened anti-British sentiments.

Step 3: Khilafat Issue.

Muslims in India were concerned about the future of the Ottoman Caliph after World War I. Gandhi supported the Khilafat Movement and united Hindus and Muslims in the struggle against British rule.

Step 4: Demand for Swaraj.

Gandhiji believed that Indians should withdraw cooperation from British institutions such as schools, courts, and government offices in order to achieve self-rule (Swaraj).

Final Answer:

Gandhiji called for a nationwide campaign in 1920 due to the oppressive Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Khilafat issue, and the growing demand for Swaraj. Quick Tip: The \textbf{Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) was launched by Gandhiji in response to the \textbf{Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the Khilafat issue}.

(a)

Concept:
Before the Revolt of 1857, many rumours circulated among soldiers and common people. These rumours created fear and anger against the British and contributed to the outbreak of the revolt.

Step 1: Rumour about Enfield rifle cartridges.

One of the most widespread rumours was that the cartridges of the new Enfield rifle were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. Since soldiers had to bite the cartridges before loading the rifle, it offended both Hindu and Muslim religious beliefs.

Step 2: Fear of forced religious conversion.

People believed that the British were planning to convert Indians to Christianity. This created suspicion and resentment among different communities.

Step 3: Spread of chapatis and lotus flowers.

Before the revolt, mysterious messages such as the circulation of chapatis and lotus flowers spread across villages and military camps, which many believed were signals for rebellion.

Step 4: Discontent among soldiers and peasants.

Rumours about unfair treatment, loss of privileges, and changes in traditional practices further increased dissatisfaction with British rule.

Final Answer:

Various rumours regarding greased cartridges, forced religious conversion, and mysterious signals like chapatis and lotus flowers spread fear and anger among people, contributing to the outbreak of the Revolt of 1857.



Solution (b):

Concept:
Historians study different types of sources to understand the causes, events, and impact of the Revolt of 1857.

Step 1: Official records.

British administrative reports, government documents, and official correspondence provide information about the revolt and the measures taken by the colonial authorities.

Step 2: Personal accounts.

Diaries, letters, memoirs, and writings of British officers, soldiers, and Indian participants give valuable insights into the experiences during the revolt.

Step 3: Newspapers and reports.

Contemporary newspapers and journal articles reported the events of the revolt and public reactions.

Step 4: Visual and literary sources.

Paintings, photographs, folk songs, and literary works also help historians understand how people viewed and remembered the revolt.

Final Answer:

The Revolt of 1857 is studied through sources such as official records, personal diaries and letters, newspaper reports, and visual or literary materials. Quick Tip: Important sources for studying the \textbf{Revolt of 1857} include \textbf{official records, personal accounts, newspapers, and visual sources}.

(a)

Concept:
Archaeologists reconstruct the dietary habits and agricultural practices of the Harappan civilization through the study of material remains such as plant remains, animal bones, tools, and farming equipment discovered at archaeological sites.

Step 1: Study of plant remains.

Archaeologists have found grains such as wheat, barley, rice, lentils, peas, sesame, and mustard at Harappan sites. These discoveries show the crops cultivated and consumed by the Harappans.

Step 2: Animal bones and remains.

Bones of animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, pigs, and fish have been discovered. These remains indicate that the Harappans consumed meat and also domesticated animals.

Step 3: Agricultural tools and evidence.

Findings of ploughed fields, irrigation systems, and farming tools like sickles suggest that the Harappans practiced systematic agriculture.

Step 4: Storage facilities.

Large granaries and storage structures discovered at sites such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro indicate that grains were stored and managed for consumption and trade.

Final Answer:

Archaeologists reconstruct Harappan diet and agriculture through evidence such as plant remains, animal bones, farming tools, ploughed fields, and storage structures.



Solution (b):

Concept:
Understanding the religious beliefs and practices of the Harappan civilization is challenging because there is limited direct evidence available to interpret their religious system.

Step 1: Undeciphered script.

The Harappan script has not yet been deciphered. Without written texts, it is difficult to understand their religious ideas and beliefs.

Step 2: Lack of clear religious structures.

Unlike later civilizations, there are no clear temples or religious buildings identified at Harappan sites.

Step 3: Limited interpretation of artifacts.

Objects such as seals, figurines, and the so-called “Pashupati” seal suggest possible religious practices, but their exact meaning remains uncertain.

Step 4: Absence of textual explanations.

Since there are no surviving religious texts from the Harappan period, historians must rely mainly on archaeological findings, which are open to different interpretations.

Final Answer:

Archaeologists find it difficult to interpret Harappan religious beliefs because their script remains undeciphered, there are no clear temples or texts, and artifacts provide only limited clues. Quick Tip: The \textbf{Harappan script is still undeciphered}, which makes it difficult to clearly understand their \textbf{religious beliefs and practices}.

(a)

Concept:
The vision of the Constitution of India was shaped by various historical events and political developments during the freedom struggle and the final years of British rule.

Step 1: National movement and struggle for freedom.

The long struggle against British colonial rule created a strong desire among Indians for political freedom, democracy, equality, and justice.

Step 2: Experience of colonial rule.

British policies and administrative practices highlighted the need for a system that protected fundamental rights and ensured responsible governance.

Step 3: Cabinet Mission Plan (1946).

The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed the formation of a Constituent Assembly to draft the Constitution for independent India.

Step 4: Objectives Resolution.

Jawaharlal Nehru introduced the Objectives Resolution in 1946, which outlined the principles of sovereignty, democracy, justice, and equality that would guide the Constitution.

Step 5: Partition of India.

The partition of India in 1947 influenced the framing of the Constitution, particularly in matters related to minority rights and national unity.

Final Answer:

The vision of the Indian Constitution was shaped by the freedom struggle, colonial experiences, the Cabinet Mission Plan, the Objectives Resolution, and the events surrounding the partition of India.



Solution (b):

Concept:
Separate electorates refer to a system in which members of a particular religious or social community vote only for candidates from their own community. This system had been introduced during British rule.

Step 1: Threat to national unity.

Members of the Constituent Assembly believed that separate electorates would divide society along religious and communal lines.

Step 2: Encouragement of communalism.

Separate electorates could strengthen communal identities and weaken the idea of a unified nation.

Step 3: Need for common political participation.

The Assembly emphasized that all citizens should vote together in a common electoral system to promote national integration.

Step 4: Promotion of democracy and equality.

A joint electorate system was considered more democratic because it encouraged cooperation and equal participation of all communities.

Final Answer:

The Constituent Assembly opposed separate electorates because they could divide society, promote communalism, and weaken national unity. Instead, a common electoral system was adopted to strengthen democracy. Quick Tip: The \textbf{Objectives Resolution (1946)} laid the foundation for the principles of the \textbf{Indian Constitution}.

(a)

Concept:
The Vijayanagara Empire reached the peak of its political power, economic prosperity, and cultural development during the reign of Krishnadeva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty.

Step 1: Political stability and military success.

Krishnadeva Raya was a powerful and capable ruler who successfully defeated rival kingdoms such as the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapati rulers of Odisha. His victories strengthened the empire and ensured peace and stability.

Step 2: Economic prosperity.

During his reign, agriculture, trade, and commerce flourished. Vijayanagara became an important center of trade, attracting merchants from different parts of the world.

Step 3: Cultural and architectural development.

Krishnadeva Raya patronized art, literature, and architecture. Many temples and monuments were constructed, and scholars and poets were supported at his court.

Step 4: Decline after his death.

After the death of Krishnadeva Raya, weak rulers and internal conflicts weakened the empire. The defeat of Vijayanagara in the Battle of Talikota (1565) further accelerated its decline.

Final Answer:

Thus, Vijayanagara flourished during the rule of Krishnadeva Raya due to political stability, economic prosperity, and cultural growth, but after his death the empire gradually declined due to weak leadership and military defeat.



Solution (b):

Concept:
The city of Vijayanagara was famous for its strong and impressive fortifications, which reflected the advanced military planning and architectural skills of the period.

Step 1: Multiple layers of fortification.

The city was surrounded by several concentric fort walls that provided strong protection against enemy attacks.

Step 2: Use of natural barriers.

Natural features such as hills, rivers, and large boulders were incorporated into the fortification system to strengthen the defenses.

Step 3: Massive gates and watchtowers.

The entrances to the city were protected by strong gates and watchtowers that controlled access and ensured security.

Step 4: Protection of key areas.

Important structures such as palaces, temples, and markets were located within fortified zones to safeguard them from enemy attacks.

Final Answer:

The fortifications of Vijayanagara were impressive due to their multiple defensive walls, use of natural barriers, strong gates, and strategic protection of important structures. Quick Tip: \textbf{Krishnadeva Raya} was the greatest ruler of the \textbf{Vijayanagara Empire}, under whom the kingdom reached its peak of prosperity.

31.1 Explanation:

Bernier believed that in the Mughal Empire all land belonged to the emperor. According to him, this system discouraged private ownership and investment in agriculture. He thought that if European kings adopted a similar system, it would result in decline of cultivation, prosperity, and development. Therefore, he warned European rulers not to follow the Mughal model of kingship.



31.2 Explanation:

One major difference between Mughal and European land ownership was that in the Mughal Empire land was considered to be owned by the emperor, whereas in Europe land was largely owned by private individuals or landlords who had hereditary rights over it.



31.3 Explanation:

Bernier's writings influenced Western thinkers and historians from the 18^th century onwards. His description led them to believe that Asian societies were despotic and economically backward because of the absence of private property in land. This interpretation shaped the theory of “Oriental Despotism,” which portrayed Asian rulers as absolute monarchs with complete control over land and resources. Quick Tip: Francois Bernier's travel accounts influenced the Western idea of \textbf{“Oriental Despotism,”} which suggested that Asian rulers had absolute control over land and resources.

32.1 Explanation:

Buchanan described the landscape as fertile and suitable for agriculture. He mentioned that the narrow valleys were cultivated with rice, cleared lands had scattered trees, and rocky hills surrounded the cultivated areas. According to him, the region had good potential for expanding cultivation.



32.2 Explanation:

Buchanan recommended the cultivation of plants such as Asan and Palas for producing Tassar silk worms and Lac. He also suggested growing Palmyra and Mahua in areas not suitable for other crops.



32.3 Explanation:

Buchanan proposed clearing forests and expanding cultivation to increase agricultural production. He suggested using the land for plantations like Asan and Palas for silk and lac production, while other areas could be cultivated or used for growing Palmyra and Mahua. His proposal aimed at improving economic development by utilizing the natural resources of the region effectively. Quick Tip: Francis Buchanan suggested \textbf{forest clearance and plantation crops like Asan and Palas} to expand cultivation and improve the economy of the Rajmahal hills region.

33.1 Explanation:

Rivers played an important role in promoting trade by providing easy and convenient routes for transportation. They connected inland regions with coastal ports, allowing goods to be transported quickly and economically to trading centers.



33.2 Explanation:

Large quantities of goods were traded between India and other countries because India produced valuable commodities such as pepper, spices, pearls, ivory, precious stones, and silk cloth. These goods were in high demand in foreign markets, which encouraged extensive trade.



33.3 Explanation:

The bead-making industry developed at Kodumanal because the region had access to precious and semi-precious stones. Skilled craftsmen processed these stones into beads, which were then transported by traders to coastal ports for export. The growing demand for such luxury items in international trade also supported this industry. Quick Tip: Ancient Indian trade flourished due to \textbf{river transport, valuable export goods like spices and precious stones, and specialized industries such as bead-making}.

34.1 Explanation:


Banawali should be located in present-day Haryana, as it was an important Harappan site.
Kannauj should be marked in Uttar Pradesh, as it was a prominent centre during early medieval India.
Ajmer should be located in Rajasthan, which was an important Mughal city.


OR


Bidar should be marked in Karnataka, known as an important medieval town under the Bahmani rulers.




34.2 Explanation:

The two important centres of the Indian National Movement generally marked on the map are:

Champaran – associated with the Champaran Satyagraha led by Mahatma Gandhi.
Dandi – associated with the Salt March (Dandi March) led by Mahatma Gandhi.


Final Answer:

Mark and label the respective locations correctly on the map as per their geographical positions. Quick Tip: For map work, remember key locations: \textbf{Harappan sites (Haryana/Gujarat), Mughal cities (Rajasthan/UP), and National Movement centres like Champaran and Dandi}.