CBSE Class 12 2025 Geography 64-7-1 Question paper Set-1:Download Solutions with Answer Key

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Free trade refers to the removal or reduction of trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas, allowing goods and services to move freely across countries. This process is known as trade liberalisation. Quick Tip: Free trade = Trade liberalisation = Removal of trade barriers.

Developing countries often suffer the most adverse effects of free trade due to unequal competition with developed nations, which have better resources and technology. Free trade without a level playing field can hurt domestic industries in developing countries. Quick Tip: Free trade often disadvantages developing countries due to unequal competition.

Advancements in transport and communication have allowed goods and services to be transported more quickly over longer distances than ever before, thus increasing the scope and speed of trade globally. Quick Tip: Better transport and communication = Faster and farther movement of goods and services.

N/A Quick Tip: Eliminating gender discrimination is essential for inclusive growth, equality, and sustainable development.

N/A Quick Tip: Sustainable development requires equal opportunities and empowerment for all genders to truly succeed.

N/A Quick Tip: ‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’ focuses on saving girls and promoting their education and empowerment to build a more equal society.

The methods of mining shown in the picture are:

Open-cast Mining – Minerals are extracted by removing surface layers of soil and rock.
Shaft Mining – Deep vertical shafts are dug to reach minerals lying at great depths. Quick Tip: Different methods of mining are used depending on the depth and type of mineral deposit—surface mining for shallow minerals and underground mining for deeper ones.

The two commonly depicted methods of mining are Open-cast Mining and Shaft Mining. Their differences are:


\begin{tabular{|p{6.5cm|p{6.5cm|
\hline
Open-cast Mining & Shaft Mining

\hline
Used for extracting minerals that lie close to the surface. & Used for extracting minerals that lie deep below the surface.

\hline
Involves removal of surface layers to reach the mineral deposit. & Involves digging deep vertical shafts to access underground minerals.

\hline
Less expensive and less dangerous. & More expensive and riskier due to depth and safety concerns.

\hline
\end{tabular Quick Tip: Open-cast mining is suitable for shallow deposits, while shaft mining is used when minerals are located deep inside the Earth.

Shaft mining is more life-threatening because it involves digging deep underground shafts, which poses risks such as:


Possibility of tunnel collapse or cave-ins
Exposure to harmful gases and dust
Poor ventilation and lighting
Higher chances of fire, flooding, or accidents Quick Tip: Shaft mining is riskier than open-cast mining due to its depth, confined spaces, and hazardous working conditions.

The distribution of modern manufacturing industries is highly uneven across the world due to various geographical and human factors.


Availability of Raw Materials: Industries tend to be located near sources of raw materials to reduce transport costs.
Power Supply: Constant and cheap electricity or fuel supply is essential for industrial activity.
Labour Supply: Availability of both skilled and unskilled labour supports industrial growth.
Transport and Infrastructure: Efficient transport and communication networks encourage industrial development.
Market Proximity: Industries are located near large markets to ensure quick delivery and reduce distribution costs.
Government Policies: Policies regarding taxation, subsidies, and infrastructure influence industrial location.
Historical and Political Factors: Colonial history or political stability has shaped industrial patterns in many regions. Quick Tip: Industrial distribution is affected by access to raw materials, labour, infrastructure, and supportive government policies.

Industries can be classified on the basis of the type of product they produce. The major types are:


Agro-based Industries:
These use agricultural raw materials.

\textit{Example: Cotton textile, sugar, jute.

Mineral-based Industries:
These use mineral ores as raw materials.

\textit{Example: Iron and steel, aluminium, cement.

Forest-based Industries:
These depend on forest produce.

\textit{Example: Paper, furniture, plywood.

Animal-based Industries:
These use animal products as raw materials.

\textit{Example: Leather, dairy, woolen textile. Quick Tip: Industries are classified into agro, mineral, forest, and animal-based depending on the nature of raw material used.

In 1951, the urban population was 17.29% of the total population. In 1991, it increased to 25.71%.

Change = 25.71% - 17.29% = 8.42% increase in urban population percentage from 1951 to 1991. Quick Tip: Urban population percentage increased by over 8% between 1951 and 1991, showing growing urbanisation.

The urban population in India has shown a steady increase from 33,456 thousand in 1931 to 2,85,355 thousand in 2001. The percentage of the urban population also rose from 11.99% in 1931 to 27.78% in 2001, indicating rapid urbanisation over the decades. Despite some fluctuations, the overall trend shows significant growth in the number and size of urban areas. Quick Tip: Urban population is steadily rising, reflecting increased migration and growth of cities.

The increase in the number of towns and Urban Agglomerations (UAs) from 1961 to 2001 can be attributed to:

Industrialisation: Growth of industries attracted people to urban areas.
Migration: Large-scale rural to urban migration for better employment opportunities.
Expansion of Existing Towns: Many villages grew and were reclassified as towns.
Better Infrastructure and Services: Improvement in urban amenities attracted more settlements. Quick Tip: More towns/UAs emerge due to industrial growth, migration, and development of infrastructure.

Urban centres in India show wide variation in development due to differences in history, economy, population, culture, and governance.


Socio-economic Differences: Cities like Mumbai and Bengaluru are highly developed economically, while others like Patna and Gaya lag behind in infrastructure and employment opportunities.
Cultural Variation: Urban centres such as Varanasi focus on religion and tradition, while cities like Pune emphasize education and innovation.
Political Importance: Cities like New Delhi hold national political significance, whereas others have only local administrative roles.
Access to Services: Metro cities offer better healthcare, education, and transport than smaller towns.


Thus, urban centres are highly differentiated due to uneven development and regional disparities. Quick Tip: Urban centres differ in development levels due to variations in economy, culture, infrastructure, and political roles.

Man-made activities are the major contributors to land degradation in India and are more controllable than natural processes.


Deforestation: Large-scale cutting of forests for agriculture and urbanisation leads to soil erosion and loss of fertility.
Overgrazing: Uncontrolled grazing by animals damages vegetation and exposes soil.
Over-irrigation: Causes waterlogging and salinisation, reducing soil productivity.
Mining: Open-cast mining displaces topsoil and pollutes land and water bodies.


In contrast, natural causes like floods or droughts affect land but are less frequent and widespread compared to continuous man-made harm. Quick Tip: Man-made actions like deforestation and over-irrigation are major causes of land degradation and require urgent attention.

On the basis of the source of moisture, Indian farming practices are classified into two types:


Irrigated Farming:
In this type of farming, artificial sources like canals, tube wells, tanks, and wells are used to supply water.
\textit{Example: Regions of Punjab and Haryana use canal irrigation for growing wheat and rice.

Rainfed Farming:
This type of farming depends entirely on rainfall for moisture. It is further classified into:

Dryland Farming: Practised in low rainfall areas; crops like millets and pulses are grown.
Wetland Farming: Practised in high rainfall areas; crops like rice, jute, and sugarcane are grown. Quick Tip: Irrigated farming relies on artificial water sources, while rainfed farming depends on natural rainfall.

Common Property Resources (CPRs) refer to natural resources like pastures, grazing grounds, forests, water bodies, and wastelands that are accessible to all members of a community.

Role in Supporting Livelihoods:

Grazing Land: Marginal farmers and landless people use CPRs for grazing their livestock.
Fuel and Fodder: Forests and common lands provide firewood, fodder, and fruits.
Water Resources: Community ponds and tanks are used for irrigation and household needs.
Supplementary Income: Collection and sale of forest produce help supplement rural incomes.


Thus, CPRs play a vital role in supporting rural livelihoods and reducing dependency on private land ownership. Quick Tip: Common Property Resources support the rural poor by providing grazing land, water, fodder, and forest produce.