CBSE Class 12 History Question Paper 2024 (Set 2- 61/3/2) Available: Download Solution PDF with Answer Key

Solution:
1. Duryodhana and (ii) Eldest son of Dhritarashtra: Duryodhana, a central character in the Mahabharata, is known as the eldest son of the blind king Dhritarashtra. This match is accurate.

2. Gandhari and (iv) Mother of Duryodhana: Gandhari was the wife of Dhritarashtra and the mother of the 100 Kaurava brothers, including Duryodhana.

3. Kunti and (iii) Mother of Pandavas: Kunti was the mother of the Pandavas (Yudhisthira, Bhima, and Arjuna), making the match correct.

4. Ghatotkacha and (i) Son of Hidimba: Ghatotkacha was the son of Bhima and the rakshasi (demoness) Hidimba.

Solution:
II. Rule of Mahapadma Nanda: Mahapadma Nanda was the founder of the Nanda dynasty, which preceded the Mauryan Empire and came before other rulers in the list.

I. Rule of Asoka: Asoka ruled during the Mauryan dynasty, which came after the Nanda dynasty.

IV. Rule of Samudragupta: Samudragupta was a ruler of the Gupta dynasty, which came centuries after the Mauryan Empire.

III. Rule of Harshavardhana: Harshavardhana ruled much later than the Mauryas and Guptas, making him the last in the chronological sequence.

Solution:
I. Magadha was the most powerful Mahajanapada: Magadha was indeed the most powerful Mahajanapada, ultimately establishing control over all of the other Janapadas.

II. Rajagaha was the capital of Magadha: Rajagaha (modern Rajgir) was the early capital of the Magadha kingdom.

III. Magadha was in a semi-arid area: This is not true. Magadha was known for fertile and alluvial plains, which are not semi-arid.

IV. Magadha was rich in natural resources: Magadha was well-known for having rich iron ore deposits in the Chota Nagpur plateau.

Solution:
Colin Mackenzie: Colin Mackenzie was a Scottish army officer in the British East India Company, also an accomplished engineer, surveyor, and cartographer. He was appointed as the first Surveyor General of India in 1815.

Alexander Greenlaw: Alexander Greenlaw was a photographer and engineer, who worked primarily in the 19th century.

John Marshall: John Marshall was a renowned archaeologist, best known for his work at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, and who was not associated with surveying.

R.E.M. Wheeler: R.E.M. (Mortimer) Wheeler was a distinguished archaeologist, known for his excavations and contributions to Indian archaeology.

Solution:
Assertion (A): Ibn Battuta's travelogues indeed describe Indian agriculture as highly productive.

Reason (R): The fertility of Indian soil, particularly in the Gangetic plains, facilitated double cropping, which allowed for high agricultural outputs.

Conclusion: Thus, the Reason accurately explains the Assertion by showing the specific reasons for the agricultural productivity.

Solution:
Kalibangan: Kalibangan is an important archaeological site of the Indus Valley Civilization located in the Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. The site has revealed evidence of well planned settlements, mud brick houses, fire alters, and a ploughed field, which indicate sophisticated agricultural practices. It was discovered by Italian Indologist and linguist Luigi Pio Tessitori.

Rakhigarhi: Rakhigarhi is another significant Indus Valley Civilization site, but it is located in the state of Haryana, not Rajasthan. It is one of the largest Harappan sites and known for its complex urban planning, well-laid drainage system and mud brick structures.

Lothal: Lothal is a Harappan site located in the state of Gujarat. It is known for being a port town, and has revealed evidence of dockyards, which highlights its importance in the maritime trade of the civilization.

Manda: Manda is an Indus Valley site located in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is known as the northernmost site of the Harappan civilization, demonstrating the extensive geographical reach of this civilization.

Solution:
I. Cunningham was the first Director-General of ASI: Cunningham was indeed the first Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India.

II. He began archaeological excavations in mid 19th century: Cunningham started his work in mid-19th century, initiating archaeology in the region.

III. He brought a military precision to the practice of archaeology: While he was a military engineer, he was not known for bringing 'military precision' to archaeology.

IV. He used the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims: He relied heavily on the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims like Xuanzang to locate and identify sites.

Solution:
Mathura School of Art: The image of Buddha provided has a characteristic style that is generally attributed to the Mathura School of Art which developed in and around Mathura. This style is known for its indigenous artistic traditions. The key elements include:

Robust Figure: The physique is robust and muscular, representing the yogic discipline and spiritual energy associated with Buddha.

Shaved Head and Face: The Buddha is shown with a shaved head and has a round and serene face which projects a calm and peaceful demeanour.

Drapery: The robes are generally simple and drape over one shoulder.

Material: The material is mostly red sandstone.

Amravati School of Art: Amravati art, which is from the region of Andhra Pradesh, is very different as it is known for its narrative panels, often depicting scenes from the life of the Buddha or from the Jataka tales. The style is also known for detailed and intricate carvings on white marble.

Gandhara School of Art: Gandhara art is known for having a Greco-Roman influence and has figures with wavy hair, well defined facial features, and draped robes that cover the entire body. This is mainly found in the northwestern region.

Gothic School of Art: Gothic art is a European style of art and architecture that emerged during the Middle Ages and is not associated with Indian art or Buddhist depictions.

Solution:
Sutta Pitaka: The Sutta Pitaka is one of the three main sections of the Tripitaka, which is the canonical text of Buddhism. It contains the sermons, teachings, and sayings of Buddha and his close disciples and is, therefore, an important collection of Buddhist philosophy and teachings.

Uttaradhyayana Sutta: The Uttaradhyayana Sutta is a key text of Jainism and is part of the Svetambara canon.

Kalpsutra: Kalpsutra is an important Jain text which contains the biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras.

Rigveda: The Rigveda is an important text of Vedic Hinduism and consists of hymns and mantras.

Solution:
(A) Chidambaram Temple - Thanjavur: The Chidambaram Temple is located in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, and not Thanjavur, making this pairing incorrect.

(B) Brihadishvara Temple - Vijayanagara: The Brihadishvara Temple is located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu and not Vijayanagara, making this pairing incorrect.

(C) Chennakeshava Temple - Belur: The Chennakeshava Temple is indeed located in Belur, Karnataka. This pairing is, therefore, correct.

(D) Hazara Rama Temple - Tamil Nadu: The Hazara Rama Temple is located in Hampi, Karnataka, which was part of the Vijayanagar Empire.

Solution:
Poona: The district of Poona (Pune), which is in the present-day state of Maharashtra was a central location during the Deccan Riots of 1875. These riots were led by the Ryots against the sahukars (moneylenders) due to a feeling of great indebtedness and injustice under the Ryotwari system.

Awadh: Awadh was primarily associated with the Revolt of 1857 and had a different land system as compared to the Ryotwari system.

Barrackpore: Barrackpore was an important military cantonment and not known for ryot revolts under the ryotwari system.

Bhagalpur: Bhagalpur is located in Bihar, which was not the primary location for peasant revolts against the ryotwari system.

Solution:
Polaj: In the Mughal land revenue system, “Polaj” refers to the land that was annually cultivated for each crop in succession without being left fallow.

Parauti: Parauti was the land that was left uncultivated for some time to regain its fertility.

Banjar: Banjar referred to infertile land which was left uncultivated for five years or more.

Chachar: Chachar was the land which was left uncultivated for three to four years.

Solution:
1. Abu'l Fazl and (iv) Ain-i-Akbari: Abu'l Fazl was an important courtier and historian who documented the reign of Akbar through Akbarnama. Ain-i-Akbari is a part of Akbarnama and is a detailed study of the Mughal administration during Akbar's rule.

2. Ibn Battuta and (iii) Rihla: Ibn Battuta was a famous Moroccan traveler and scholar, and the account of his travel is titled "Rihla".

3. Al-Biruni and (ii) Kitab-ul-Hind: Al-Biruni was a scholar who visited India with Mahmud Ghazni, and his book “Kitab-ul-Hind" provides key insights into Indian society during the 11th century.

4. Francois Bernier and (i) Travels in the Mughal Empire: Francois Bernier was a French physician and traveler who visited India during the 17th century, and his travelogue was called "Travels in the Mughal Empire".

Solution:
1. Kunwar Singh and (ii) Arrah: Kunwar Singh was a major leader of the 1857 revolt and was actively involved in the region of Arrah, Bihar.

2. Shah Mal and (iii) Barout: Shah Mal was a local leader from the Barout region, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, who took part in the 1857 revolt.

3. Birjis Qadr and (iv) Lucknow: Birjis Qadr was the son of the deposed Nawab of Awadh, and he was instrumental in the revolt in Lucknow.

4. Gonoo and (i) Singhbhum: Gonoo was a tribal leader from Singhbhum region in the present-day state of Jharkhand, who played a key role in the 1857 revolt in the area.

Solution:
V.S. Sukthankar: Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar was an Indian Sanskrit scholar and scholar who initiated the massive project of the critical edition of the Mahabharata.

D.N. Jha: Dwijendra Narayan Jha was a historian who wrote extensively on ancient India but was not associated with this project.

Irawati Karve: Irawati Karve was an anthropologist and historian known for her studies on kinship and social structure but was not associated with this project.

Ram Karan Sharma: Ram Karan Sharma was a Sanskrit scholar, who was known for his contributions to the field of Sanskrit but not for the critical edition of Mahabharata.

Solution:
(A) Kabirdas - Karnataka: Kabirdas was a saint and poet primarily active in northern India, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, and he is not known for any association with Karnataka.

(B) Mirabai - Rajasthan: Mirabai was a famous Bhakti saint who was associated with Rajasthan, particularly the region of Mewar.

(C) Basavanna - Assam: Basavanna was a 12th-century saint who championed the Lingayat movement and was primarily based in Karnataka.

(D) Shankaradeva - Uttar Pradesh: Shankaradeva was a 15th-16th century saint who popularized Vaishnavism in Assam.

Solution:
Lohanis: The Lohanis were primarily a group of Pashtun traders and are most associated with overland trade routes between Afghanistan and India during the Mughal period. They had established networks in Punjab, where they were actively engaged in trading activities.

Mundas: Mundas were primarily an agricultural tribal community located in the Chota Nagpur plateau.

Koch: Koch were mainly located in Assam and parts of Bengal, and were not involved in overland trade with Afghanistan.

Ahoms: Ahoms were mainly located in Assam and were known for their kingdom which resisted Mughal expansion in the region. They did not take part in trade through Punjab and Afghanistan.

Solution:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale: Gopal Krishna Gokhale is known to be a moderate leader of the Indian National Congress who advocated for a gradual approach towards self-rule and had an inclination for constitutional methods.

Bipin Chandra Pal: Bipin Chandra Pal was part of the extremist faction of the Indian National Congress known for their aggressive approach towards independence.

Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent extremist leader of the Indian National Congress, who advocated for self-rule (Swaraj) and who believed in more assertive methods against the British.

Lala Lajpat Rai: Lala Lajpat Rai was another important extremist leader, who formed the Lal-Bal-Pal trio and was known for his nationalist fervor.

Solution:
I. Planning for the well-being of the country: The primary discussion was regarding how the new independent nation will be governed, which included the social and economic development of the country.

II. To establish strong administration at the state level: The constituent assembly, while focusing on a strong center, also discussed autonomy and efficient administrations at the state level.

III. To mobilize available economic resources: One of the most important points of discussion was about how to use the resources of the state for the development and economic upliftment of the country.

IV. To defend the country against foreign aggression: It was a key concern of the Constituent Assembly to make sure that the country was ready to defend itself from foreign aggression.

Solution:
Jawaharlal Nehru: Jawaharlal Nehru, who was an influential leader of INC, presented the Objectives Resolution in the constituent assembly, which established the main goals of constitution making.

Vallabh Bhai Patel: Vallabh Bhai Patel played a key role in integration of princely states, but was not associated with this resolution.

B.R. Ambedkar: B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, but he did not propose the ‘Objectives Resolution’.

Rajendra Prasad: Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India and the chairman of the Constituent Assembly and he also did not propose the 'Objectives Resolution'.

Solution:
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan: Subhadra Kumari Chauhan was an Indian poet and freedom fighter, most famously known for her poem “Jhansi Ki Rani” which includes the given line which highlights her heroic role in the 1857 revolt.

Sarojini Naidu: Sarojini Naidu was a poet and freedom fighter who was fondly known as the "Nightingale of India” but was not associated with this particular poem.

Suryakant Tripathi Nirala: Suryakant Tripathi ‘Nirala' was a poet famous for his nationalistic works, but is not credited with these particular lines.

Harivansh Rai Bachchan: Harivansh Rai Bachchan was a famous poet known for his works like Madhushala, but he also did not write these lines.

Solution:
(A) Quit India Movement was a mass movement: The Quit India Movement was indeed a mass movement in which many people from different sections of society participated, highlighting its reach and acceptance.

(B) Thousands of Indians took part in this movement: Thousands of Indians actively participated in this movement and protested against the British government.

(C) 'Independent' governments were proclaimed in Satara and Medinipur: 'Independent' governments were established during this movement in some areas like Satara and Medinipur.

(D) A series of ‘Praja Mandals' were established in princely states: While the “Praja Mandal" movement was significant in princely states, it was not primarily associated with the Quit India Movement.

Solution:
Eradication of Social Evils: Mahatma Gandhi worked tirelessly to eradicate social evils that existed in society. He had the aim of creating a just and equitable society by removing social injustices.

Against Untouchability: He actively campaigned against the dehumanizing practice of untouchability, calling for the recognition of all people as equals. He called the untouchables as 'Harijan', meaning ‘children of God’.

Against Child Marriage: Gandhiji was strongly against child marriage, highlighting its ill effects on young girls and women. He believed in giving a childhood to every child.

Hindu-Muslim Unity: He firmly believed in promoting Hindu-Muslim unity, as he considered it critical for achieving national integrity. He saw that a united India would be able to free itself from the clutches of the British.

Promotion of Khadi and Swadeshi: He promoted the use of Khadi and Swadeshi, which were local products, as a means of promoting self-reliance and economic independence. He hoped to build a country with strong local economies.

Tolerance for other faiths: He also said that people from different faiths should cultivate a genuine tolerance for other faiths, which would promote harmony in the society.

Self-Reliance: He emphasized self-reliance through local communities and indigenous resources. His stress on self-sufficiency was a part of his approach.

Other Relevant Point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Active Political Scene: During the period between 1905 and 1907, India witnessed a growing political consciousness and activity. There were many new organizations and movements which gained popularity during this time.

Indian National Congress' Expansion: The Indian National Congress (INC) expanded with many branches in different cities and towns, indicating its increased reach and mobilization. It also began to include more common people.

Swadeshi Movement's Broad Appeal: The Swadeshi Movement, which began in 1905, gained a wider reach, including members of the middle classes in its fold. This shows that this movement reached out beyond political elites.

Emergence of Nationalist Leaders: There was an emergence of nationalist leaders like Lal-Bal-Pal who adopted a more aggressive approach against British rule. This period is marked by their growing popularity.

All India Character of the Movement: There was an attempt to create an all India movement, as people from different regions joined in the fight against the colonial rule.

Moderates and Extremists: There was a clear separation between moderate and extremist leaders, with differing views on how to attain Swaraj. This shows the diverse set of approaches during the period.

Demand for Swaraj: Even moderate leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Mohammad Ali Jinnah also started asking for Swaraj.

Other Relevant Point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Major Source of Literature: Literary sources include religious texts, court poems, dramas, and travel accounts by foreign travelers which provide information about political, cultural and social conditions during the Gupta period.

Available Coins: Gupta rulers issued large number of gold, silver and copper coins which have helped historians to determine their genealogy and the territorial extent of their kingdom. Many coins of Samudragupta depicting him playing the veena also provide valuable information.

Inscriptional Evidence: Inscriptions like the Prayag Prasasti (Allahabad Pillar Inscription) of Harishena provide valuable information about the political and military achievements of the Gupta rulers. This is also a great source for studying their policies.

Puranas: Puranas, particularly the Vayu Purana and the Matsya Purana, provide a genealogical account of the Gupta kings and also some social and religious information about the period.

Smriti: Smritis, which are texts on law and social order, provide a look into the social norms and legal systems prevalent during the Gupta period.

Other relevant point: Any other relevant point from the chapter.

Solution:
Arrival with Mahmud of Ghazni: Al-Biruni arrived in India in the 11th century along with the army of Mahmud of Ghazni. He was part of the scholarly group that accompanied Mahmud to India.

Time in Punjab: He spent a few years in the Punjab region, studying Indian society, culture and the religious traditions of the area.

Documenting Civilian Life: He decided to document the civilian and scholarly aspects of Hindu life, looking at aspects like culture, science, and religion. Unlike many travelers who focused on political and military conquests, Al-Biruni focussed on day to day life of the people.

Learning Sanskrit and Indian Philosophy: He was attracted to Indian culture, and he dedicated himself to learning the Sanskrit language, which allowed him to read many original texts. He also developed a strong interest in Indian philosophy.

Toured Large Portions of India: Al-Biruni extensively travelled through India, exploring its varied landscapes and social structures and taking detailed notes.

Socio-economic Conditions: He carefully studied the socio-economic conditions of the land and meticulously noted the various aspects of society, highlighting his interest in Indian people.

Time With Brahmin Priests: He spent a lot of time with Brahmin priests and scholars, and he also learnt Sanskrit to study religious scriptures.

Other Relevant Point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Jangali in Contemporary Texts: The forest dwellers were often termed “jangali” in the texts of the time, which highlights their identity as people living in forests.

Forest Produce: Their livelihood was often dependent on the gathering of forest produce, such as fruits, nuts, honey, herbs and other natural resources. This was a very essential part of their economy.

Hunting and Shifting Agriculture: They also indulged in hunting animals and in shifting agriculture, often called 'slash and burn' agriculture. This demonstrates their connection with the natural environment.

Season Specific Activities: The activities of the forest dwellers were usually seasonal, varying with the climate and the availability of resources, for example the Bhils of central India.

Mobility: Due to these seasonal needs, there was frequent mobility among forest dwellers, and there was a need for them to move to different areas to fulfill their needs.

Subversive Place: For the state, the forest areas were seen as subversive, and as a place of refuge (mawas) for those who resisted the authority. This was because they were difficult to control and were not part of the mainstream economy.

Other Relevant Point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Return to India: Gandhi returned to India in 1915 after spending many years in South Africa, and he found it to be very different from the India he had left behind. He came back with a wealth of experience.

Travels in India: On the advice of Gokhale, Gandhiji spent a year travelling across India to understand the issues of different regions and people.

First Major Public Appearance: His first major public appearance was at the opening of the Banaras Hindu University in 1916, and he used the opportunity to point out the issues of the poor in India.

Lack of Concern for Labouring Poor: He charged the Indian elite with not showing any concern for the labouring poor, which indicated his pro-poor approach.

Identification with Peasants and Workers: He started identifying with the cause of the peasants and the workers, which was a defining feature of his politics.

Champaran: He was approached by a peasant from Champaran in Bihar, who told him about the exploitation of the peasants by the British indigo planters. This is where he would start his first Satyagraha.

Campaigns in Gujarat: He was involved in two campaigns in Gujarat where he sought to resolve the issues of the farmers in Ahmedabad and Kheda.

Ahmedabad Labour Dispute: He also intervened in a labor dispute in Ahmedabad demanding better working conditions for textile mill workers.

Kheda Satyagraha: He joined peasants in Kheda in asking for remission of taxes after their harvest failed. This highlighted his support for the cause of farmers.

Rise as a Nationalist: These initiatives in Champaran, Ahmedabad, and Kheda established Gandhiji as a nationalist with a deep sympathy for the poor.

Other relevant point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Campaign against Rowlatt Act: Gandhiji called for a countrywide campaign against the Rowlatt Act, which is seen as the precursor to the non-cooperation movement.

Life came to a standstill: Due to the movement, towns across North and West India saw a complete standstill, as people shut down shops and schools in response to his call.

Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The movement gained even more support due to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, which shook the consciousness of the nation.

Truly National Leader: The Rowlatt Satyagraha made Gandhiji a truly national leader, and it brought him to the forefront of the freedom struggle.

Hindu-Muslim Unity: Gandhiji advocated for Hindu-Muslim unity in the fight against the colonial government.

Negative and Peaceful but Effective: The Non-cooperation movement was a very unique strategy as it was a negative and peaceful movement, which was still very effective.

Denial and Self-Discipline: It entailed denial, renunciation, and self-discipline, which made it different from violent protests.

Training for Self-Rule: The movement was an important training ground for self-rule, where it taught people to take charge of their lives.

Shook the Foundation of British Rule: It shook the foundations of the British Raj for the first time, making the colonial government feel the heat of mass protest.

Thousands Jailed: Thousands of Indians were put in jail during this movement, highlighting the popular appeal and mass participation.

Great Patriot and Leader: Gandhiji became a great patriot and leader in the eyes of millions of countrymen.

Transformation of Indian Nationalism: It transformed the nature of Indian nationalism into a mass movement, and made it more effective.

Other relevant point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
British Exit and Problems: In the meeting of the Constituent Assembly, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel said that the British had done their mischief while leaving and had created numerous problems. He is referring to the period of independence.

Issue of Separate Electorates: Patel was particularly critical of the British decision to raise the issue of separate electorates at the time of leaving India, which was an attempt to sow the seeds of disharmony in India.

Benefit in Forgetting the Past: Patel argued that “It is not only for my benefit but it is also for your benefit that we forget the past", which was said to promote a sense of unity and cooperation among the newly independent nation.

Sowing Seeds of Divide and Rule: Patel criticized the fact that the British sowed seeds of "divide and rule” while leaving the country, which was a deliberate ploy to make the country remain weak.

Unexpected Departure: The British had presented the idea of divide and rule, but did not anticipate that they would have to leave India so soon. They thought that this process would take a long time.

Easy Administration: Their policies were made with their easy administration in mind, which would ensure a long period of colonial rule.

Other relevant point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Buddhist Stupa at Amaravati:
Independent History: Each stupa had its own unique history and story, and both Amaravati and Sanchi were sites which had their own narratives.

Discovery of Ruins: The ruins at Amaravati were first discovered in 1796, when a local raja was looking to construct a palace, and stumbled upon the remains of stupas.

Colin Mackenzie's Visit: Some years later Colin Mackenzie visited the site and collected many pieces of sculpture from the site.

Detailed Drawings: Mackenzie created detailed drawings of the sculptures which he found.

Walter Elliot's Visit: Walter Elliot visited Amaravati in 1854, and during this visit, he discovered the remains of the western gateway.

Large Magnificent Stupa: Elliot recognized the importance of Amravati, and identified it as one of the largest and most magnificent stupas of India.

Slabs Removed: By the 1850s, the slabs and sculptures from Amaravati began to be taken to different places for various purposes, causing significant damage to the site.

Removal of Sculptures: New officials in the area also continued to remove the sculptures, further destroying the monuments.

Amaravati Fell to Ruins: This is how the Stupa at Amaravati fell to ruins, eventually becoming a small insignificant mound.

Buddhist Stupa at Sanchi:
Different Perspective: One of the few men who had a different approach towards preservation, was an archaeologist named H.H Cole. He believed that museums should only have plaster-cast copies, while the originals should remain where they had been found.

Failed to convince authorities: Cole was not successful in convincing authorities about Amaravati. However, his pleas to keep the original artefacts in situ was applied to the case of Sanchi.

Value of Finds: Amaravati was discovered before the scholars fully understood the value of the finds, and before they realised that it was critical to preserve things where they were found.

Sanchi was discovered in 1818: When Sanchi was discovered, its three gateways were standing, while the fourth one was laying on the ground. The mound was in good condition.

Suggestions to take the Gateways: There were suggestions to take the gateways to places like Paris and London.

A Number of Factors Helped: A number of factors helped Sanchi in surviving to the modern day, making it a preserved site.

Help of Bhopal Begums: The Begums of Bhopal, particularly Sultan Jahan and Shahjehan Begum, helped preserve the stupa of Sanchi.

Solution:
Puranic Traditions Grew Alongside Jainism and Buddhism: The Puranic traditions of Hinduism began to grow along with the spread of Jainism and Buddhism, indicating the emergence of multiple religious traditions in the subcontinent.

Vaishnavism: Vaishnavism was an important tradition within Hinduism, which emphasized the worship of Vishnu as the principal deity, along with his various avatars.

Shaivism: Shaivism is a tradition which focused on Shiva as the chief god, with different manifestations of Shiva becoming popular during this period.

Emphasis on Worship of a Chosen Deity: This period saw a growing emphasis on the worship of a chosen deity (ishta devata), showing the growth of the bhakti traditions.

Bhakti: The bond between the devotee and God was visualized as one of love and devotion (bhakti), focusing on the personal and emotional relationship with the God.

Incarnations of the Deity: Cults developed around the various avatars or incarnations of the deity, like Krishna, Rama, Narasimha etc.

Ten Avatars: Ten Avatars of Vishnu were recognized within this tradition which highlights the importance of different manifestations of the main deity.

Saving the World: The deities were believed to take different avatars in order to save the world whenever it was threatened by disorder and evil.

Representation in Sculptures: These deities and their various forms were represented in sculptures and many other forms, reflecting a rich artistic tradition.

Shiva's Symbolism: For example, Shiva was represented by linga in sculptures, and sometimes in a human form.

Complex Set of Ideas: All these forms of representation depicted a complex set of ideas and attributes using symbols like headdresses, ornaments, and weapons.

Stories in Puranas: Many stories of Puranic Hinduism were given in the Puranas, which made the narratives more accessible.

Other Relevant Point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Factors that Influenced the Implementation of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal:
Resolving Administrative Problems: The British officials wanted to resolve the administrative issues that they were facing in Bengal since its conquest, particularly in collecting revenues.

High Initial Demands: The initial revenue demands were very high, which posed significant difficulties for the Zamindars to pay the stipulated amount.

Developing Agriculture and Trade: Officials believed that agriculture, trade, and the revenue resources of the state could be developed by encouraging more investments in agriculture, which led to the introduction of property rights.

Securing Property Rights and Fixed Revenue: This was attempted by securing property rights to the zamindars, and by permanently fixing the rates of revenue demand.

Regular Income for the Company: They believed that this would ensure a regular flow of income for the company, which was a major concern for the administration.

Curbing the Power of Zamindars: The Permanent Settlement was designed to curb the power of Zamindars, although this was not achieved in reality.

Emergence of Yeomen Farmers: It was hoped that it would lead to the rise of a class of yeomen farmers and rich landowners who would have the capital and enterprise to improve agriculture.

Controlling the Zamindars: The company recognized zamindars as important, but they also wanted to control and regulate them so that they could not pose a threat to British power.

Ensuring Zamindar Loyalty: The plan was to nurture a class of zamindars that would remain loyal to the company, given they were basically made and sustained by them.

Other Relevant Point: Any other relevant point from the chapter.

Consequences of the Permanent Settlement:
Fixed Revenue Collection: The East India Company fixed the revenue that each zamindar had to pay, irrespective of the actual productivity.

Auctioning of Estates: Those zamindars who failed to pay the revenue had their estates auctioned off, which made many lose their traditional land ownership.

Loss of Local Justice: Zamindars lost their power to organize local justice, resulting in the erosion of their authority.

Regular Failure to Pay Revenue: The zamindars found it very difficult to pay the fixed revenue, which caused immense financial problems.

Loyalty to Company: They mostly remained loyal to the British as they were dependent on the company's policies.

Unpaid Balances: Unpaid balances accumulated, due to the rigid nature of the system.

Disbanding of Troops: The Zamindars were forced to disband their own private troops, further reducing their authority.

Abolished Customs Duties: Custom duties were abolished, resulting in loss of income for zamindars.

Supervision of Courts: Their “cutcheries” (courts) were brought under the supervision of a Collector appointed by the company.

Collectorate as Alternative Authority: The Collectorate emerged as a parallel authority, thereby restricting what a zamindar could do.

Other Relevant Point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Rise of Rich Peasants: The end of the 18th century saw the rise of rich peasants known as the Jotedars in many parts of North Bengal, demonstrating a shift in power among the agrarian communities.

Large Landholdings: The Jotedars acquired vast areas of land, sometimes as much as several thousand acres, signifying their substantial economic power.

Control over Trade and Moneylending: They also exercised control over local trade and moneylending practices, further consolidating their dominance in the rural economy.

Power over Poor Cultivators: They used sharecroppers, through whom they exercised immense power over the poor cultivators.

More Effective Than Zamindars: The power of Jotedars became far more effective than that of zamindars in many areas.

Village Presence: The Jotedars were located in the villages and could exercise direct control over the local population.

Resistance to Zamindars: The Jotedars also fiercely resisted efforts by zamindars to increase the revenue of the village and prevented their officials from executing their duties.

Mobilising Raiyats: The jotedars often mobilized the “raiyat" or the poor peasants who were dependent on them and deliberately delayed payment of revenues to zamindars, demonstrating their influence.

Other Relevant Point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Ideas of Alvars and Nayanars:
Against Caste System: Alvars and Nayanars initiated a movement against the rigid caste system. They challenged the dominance of Brahmins and the social hierarchies.

Reform of the System: They attempted to reform the social and religious system, creating a more egalitarian society.

Importance of Compositions: They believed their compositions to be equivalent to the importance of the Vedas, and thus challenged the authority of orthodox teachings.

Tamil Veda: Their anthology, ‘Nalayira Divyaprabandham’ was described as the Tamil Veda. This shows the importance of their verses in the region.

Presence of Women: One of the important aspects of this movement was the inclusion of women, like Andal and Karaikkal Ammaiyar, showcasing a more inclusive spiritual space.

Andal: Andal was an Alvar who saw herself as a beloved of Vishnu.

Karaikkal Ammaiyar: Karaikkal Ammaiyar was a Nayanar who was a devotee of Shiva.

Other Relevant Point: Any other relevant point from the chapter.

Relations with the States:
Cordial Relations: There are multiple instances of cordial relations with the state, which indicates that their approach to state power was very complex.

Royal Patronage: The rulers often patronized the Alvars and the Nayanars by giving grants and funds to them. This made sure that they had enough support.

Temple Grants: The Cholas gave grants for the construction of temples dedicated to Vishnu and Shiva. This demonstrates their recognition and support of these traditions.

Temple Construction: Important temples at Thanjavur and Chidambaram were constructed under the patronage of Chola rulers, highlighting the state’s support for these religious communities.

Divine Support Claim: The Chola rulers also claimed divine support from these religious figures, which highlights the complex intermingling of political and religious power in the region.

Power and Status: The rulers also displayed their own power by building magnificent temples. This shows the use of religious structures to express political power.

Tamil Hymns: The kings also introduced the singing of Tamil hymns which shows the spread of the devotional traditions.

Organized into a text: The hymns were organized into a text called Tevaram.

Metal Images: Chola ruler Prantaka I consecrated metal images of the saints Appar, Sambandar and Sundarar in a Shiva temple, further cementing their political and cultural impact.

Other Relevant Point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Causes of the Growth of Sufism:
Protest Against Materialism: Sufism emerged in protest against the growing materialism within the Caliphate, which was now getting focused on wealth accumulation.

Critical of Dogmatic Interpretations: Sufis were also critical of the dogmatic interpretation of the Quran and the Sunna, which had become very rigid. They did not approve of the rigid adherence to traditions and rituals.

Emphasis on Love for God: They emphasized seeking salvation through intense devotion and love for God. This highlighted the personal and emotional aspect of faith.

Following the Prophet’s Command: They followed the Prophet’s commands, but believed in seeking God through one’s personal devotion.

Prophet as a Perfect Human: They considered the Prophet to be the ideal example of the human being. This reflects their emphasis on seeking God through a guide.

Interpretation of Quran Based on Experience: They sought interpretation of the Quran based on their own personal experience, indicating a more inclusive approach to Islam.

Developed Movement: By the eleventh century, Sufism evolved into a well-developed movement.

Other relevant point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Sufis Relations with the State:
Sufi Practices and Literature: Sufis developed their literature and practices, which became important cultural aspects of this period.

Austerity and Distance from Power: A major feature of the Chishti tradition was austerity, as they maintained a certain distance from worldly power.

Acceptance of Unsolicited Grants: Sufis often accepted unsolicited grants and donations from political elites, which allowed them to exist independent of state support.

Charitable Trusts by Sultans: The Sultans set up charitable trusts for the Sufis, and also gave tax-free land for hospices, which shows the support provided by the sultans.

Demonstration of Association: Kings often showed their association with Sufis because they also needed legitimacy from them.

Resistance to Ulema: The Delhi Sultans resisted the insistence of the Ulema on imposing Shariat as state law, showing differences between state and religious institutions.

Sufis Derive Authority from God: The sultans reached out to Sufis because Sufis were seen to derive their authority directly from God.

Tombs Near Sufi Shrines: Kings wanted their tombs to be near the Sufi shrines and hospices, which highlights the religious importance of these institutions.

Conflict with Sultans: There were instances of conflict between the Sultans and the Sufis, showing that their relationship was not always smooth.

High Sounding Titles: Sufi Shaikhs were addressed with high-sounding titles like “Sultan-ul-mashaikh”, highlighting their importance and authority.

Rituals and Authority: To assert authority, both Sultans and Sufis expected rituals like prostration and kissing of the feet.

Other relevant point: Any other valid point from the chapter.

Solution:
Water Collection: Based on the source, the primary reason for constructing the tank was to collect water.

Irrigation: The text indicates that the tank was also meant to provide water for the purpose of irrigation, which implies an intent to aid agriculture.

Solution:
Natural Collection Point: The source specifies that the location at the mouth of two hills was chosen, as it was the natural location for all the water to come from either side and collect.

Water from Pipes: The source also specifies that water from a nearby lake was also collected through pipes, which further reinforced the importance of the location.

Solution:
Irrigation of Gardens and Rice-Fields: The source text states that the water from the tank was used to irrigate gardens and rice-fields.

Water Supply to the City: The text also specifies that the pipes connected to the tank were designed to get water when they had to irrigate gardens and rice-fields, implying that the water was also used by people in the city.

Solution: The inscription indicates that some individuals were “intensely attached to music (so) pleasing to the ear” reflecting a deep appreciation for musical art. The use of phrases like “intensely attached” and “pleasing to the ear” shows their deep emotional connection to music.

Solution: The inscription indicates that mastery of Vedic astronomy was achieved by being self-possessed, showing that self-control and discipline was a key factor in mastering this science.

Solution:
Development of different skills: The mention of different activities like music, writing biographies, religious discourse, and astronomy points to the development of different skills in society.

Development of different occupations: The presence of diverse skills in society shows a division of labor and occupations.

Intermixture of Traditions and Culture: The co-existence of different kinds of skills also indicates an intermixture of traditions, which shaped the overall culture of that period.

Promoting a sense of tolerance and harmony: The presence of diverse skills and their acceptance also points towards a sense of tolerance and harmony that was a part of the society.

Development of social values: The emphasis on skill, knowledge, humility and self-discipline also points towards certain social values and norms.

Solution: The immediate impact of the removal of the Nawab was widespread sorrow and grief among the people of Awadh. The source explicitly mentions the use of words like "wept" and "wailed" and shows the feelings of sadness.

Solution: The source reflects that the emotional upheaval resulted because the Nawab was a leader whom the people respected, revered and had an emotional connect with. The source indicates that both the nobles and the farmers were sad, and they all viewed him as a ‘chief’ with whom they had emotional links. The mention of “the chief has bidden adieu to his country" also suggests a feeling of loss and displacement, indicating a key figure leaving their land.

Solution: The source does not directly talk about the British colonial strategy. However, from our knowledge, it can be said that, Lord Dalhousie called Awadh as “a cherry that will drop into our mouth one day", indicating the political motive behind the annexation. The annexation was done in order to complete the consolidation of the British territory in India and to use the rich agricultural resources of the region for their own benefit.

Solution:
(i) Dholavira – a Harappan Site: Dholavira is located in the Kutch district of the state of Gujarat. Mark this on the map with the correct symbol, which should be in the north-western part of the map, in the region of Gujarat.

(ii) Meerut Pillar – a Site of Asokan Inscription: The Meerut Pillar is located in Meerut in Uttar Pradesh. It is located in the region near Delhi, and you should mark it in that area with the correct symbol.

(iii)(a) Vijayanagara: The capital city of Vijayanagara Empire, also known as Hampi, is located in Karnataka, and it needs to be marked in the south central portion of the map.

OR
(iii)(b) Bijapur: Bijapur, also known as Vijayapura, is located in present-day Karnataka, and the location of this is south west, close to Hampi. (Map would be here)

Solution:
(A) Delhi: Delhi was a major centre of power for the British and played an important role during the revolt of 1857. It should be labeled on the line near ‘A’.

(B) Jhansi: Jhansi was also an important location during the revolt of 1857 due to Rani Lakshmibai. This should be labelled on the line near 'B' on the map. (Map would be here)

Solution: Any of the important Harappan sites can be mentioned, like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Dholavira, Kalibangan etc.

Solution: Any key Buddhist site can be mentioned here, like Sanchi, Sarnath, Lumbini or Bodhgaya etc.

Solution: Hampi/Vijayanagara was the capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Solution: Any of the neighbouring states of Vijayanagara Empire can be mentioned like Bijapur, Golkonda, Bidar, Ahmadnagar, Berar etc.

Solution: Any two important cities that were under British control during the 1857 revolt can be mentioned, for example, Delhi, Jhansi, Gwalior, Lucknow or Kanpur, etc.