CBSE Class 12 Political Science (59/2/3) Question Paper 2025 Available: Download Solution PDF with Answer Key

The Congress Party, since its inception, has been an ideological coalition of various political and social groups, including liberals, socialists, and conservatives, each with their respective interests. It has attempted to unite these diverse ideologies to form a broad-based political entity that could represent the interests of all sections of society.

1. Liberalism: In its early years, the Congress Party focused on liberal democracy, advocating for civil rights, the protection of individual freedoms, and constitutional governance.
2. Socialism: Later, under leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress adopted a socialist stance, focusing on public ownership, social welfare programs, and reducing economic disparities.
3. Conservatism: In some phases, Congress has also been aligned with conservative ideologies, emphasizing traditional values and social harmony.

Thus, Congress can be seen as an ideological coalition, constantly shifting its policies to accommodate a wide range of views, in response to changing socio-political contexts.

Thus, the correct answer is (b). Quick Tip: Congress' ideological flexibility has allowed it to be a broad-based party, appealing to different sections of society over time.

To reduce the economic disparity between the poor and the rich countries, the following measures can be taken:

1. Debt Relief and Economic Aid: Wealthy nations and international financial institutions should offer debt relief to developing countries, enabling them to invest in education, healthcare, and infrastructure, thereby reducing poverty and promoting sustainable development.

2. Fair Trade and Economic Partnerships: Developed countries should enter into fair trade agreements with developing countries that ensure equitable pricing for commodities, better market access, and the promotion of local industries. This would help uplift the economies of poorer nations by boosting their exports and providing better income opportunities.

Thus, the correct answer is (a). Quick Tip: Global economic equity requires international cooperation and fair policies that promote sustainable growth and development for all countries.

21(a)

The basis for projecting China to overtake the US as the world's largest economy includes:

1. Rapid Economic Growth: China's economy has been growing at an unprecedented rate since the 1980s, with an average annual growth rate of over 9%. This rapid growth has allowed China to close the economic gap with the US in terms of GDP.

2. Manufacturing Dominance: China has become the "world's factory" due to its low production costs, extensive infrastructure, and strong industrial base. This has made China the global leader in manufacturing and exports.

3. Large Consumer Market: China’s population, the largest in the world, has created an enormous domestic market that is rapidly increasing in terms of purchasing power, which further drives its economic growth.

Quick Tip: China's growth is driven by both manufacturing exports and the expansion of its domestic consumer market, making it a formidable global economic force.

21(b)

Solution: While the Chinese economy has seen substantial growth, the benefits of economic
reforms have not been evenly distributed. Two reasons for this are:
1. Regional Disparities: The coastal regions of China, particularly in cities like Shanghai and
Beijing, have benefited the most from the economic reforms, while rural areas and western
provinces have seen slower economic growth, resulting in significant income inequality.
2. Urban vs. Rural Divide: The migration from rural to urban areas has led to urbanization
and an increase in the standard of living in cities. However, the rural population, especially
farmers, has not experienced the same level of prosperity, and poverty remains a challenge in
these areas.
Quick Tip
Economic reforms in China have lifted many people out of poverty, but the benefits
have been uneven, especially between urban and rural areas.

Globalization has had a significant impact on Indian culture:

1. Cultural Exchange: The exchange of ideas, values, and practices between India and the rest of the world has led to the spread of Indian culture globally, particularly through Bollywood, cuisine, and art. However, it has also led to the introduction of foreign cultural elements like fast food, Hollywood films, and fashion.

2. Cultural Homogenization: While globalization has allowed for cultural exchange, it has also led to the dominance of Western culture, particularly in urban areas. This has resulted in the erosion of traditional practices, languages, and values in some parts of India, leading to concerns over cultural homogenization.

Thus, the correct answer is (a). Quick Tip: Globalization has brought both cultural enrichment and challenges, leading to the blending of traditional and modern influences in India.

Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in Tamil Nadu on May 21, 1991, by a suicide bomber affiliated with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Quick Tip: When studying major political events, focus on the specific locations and their significance to the national context.

Karpoori Thakur served as the Chief Minister of Bihar, particularly known for implementing the "Backwards First" policy. He was a key figure in Bihar's politics during the 1970s. Quick Tip: Understanding regional politics is crucial when studying state-level leadership and the impact of such leaders.

The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), under the leadership of Mayawati, saw a significant rise in Uttar Pradesh in the 1989 and 1991 general elections. The BSP's breakthrough was a crucial moment in the state’s political history, especially for Dalit empowerment. Quick Tip: Regional political parties, like the BSP, have often impacted the political landscape by focusing on the social and economic concerns of marginalized groups.

The National Front, a coalition of several regional parties, formed the government in 1989 at the centre, with V.P. Singh becoming the Prime Minister. This coalition came to power after the defeat of the Congress party. Quick Tip: Coalition politics, especially in the 1980s and 1990s, changed the Indian political landscape, with regional parties playing a crucial role at the national level.

(a)

Commonalities:
1. Historical British Colonial Legacy: Both Bangladesh and Pakistan share a colonial past under British rule, which shaped their political systems and democratic struggles.
2. Struggles with Military Rule: Both countries have faced periods of military rule that undermined democratic governance and resulted in political instability.

Differences:
1. Path to Independence: Pakistan’s creation in 1947 was based on religious grounds, while Bangladesh was formed in 1971 after a bloody war of independence, leading to different nationalist movements.
2. Democratic Stability: Pakistan has had more instances of military rule, whereas Bangladesh, after overcoming its early political instability, has experienced a relatively longer period of civilian rule in recent years.

Quick Tip: The political paths of Bangladesh and Pakistan offer valuable insights into the impact of colonial legacies and military rule on democracy in South Asia.

(b)

Solution: Co-operation Issues: 1. Water Sharing: India and Bangladesh have cooperated on
the sharing of river waters, particularly the Ganges and Teesta rivers, through agreements
like the Ganges Water Sharing Treaty. 2. Trade and Connectivity: India and Bangladesh have
enhanced bilateral trade and connectivity, including land and rail links, and fostering
economic collaboration.
Confrontation Issues: 1. Border Disputes: Both countries have faced disputes over border
areas, particularly regarding the sharing of river waters and land borders. 2. Illegal
Immigration: Bangladesh has expressed concerns over illegal immigration across the border
into India, leading to tensions between the two countries.
Thus, the correct answer is (b).
Quick Tip
International cooperation in South Asia often revolves around shared resources like rivers, but border disputes and migration remain significant challenges.

(a)

The United Nations (UN) plays a critical role in global peacekeeping, humanitarian efforts, and conflict resolution. Its importance lies in:

1. Conflict Resolution: The UN provides a forum for member states to resolve disputes peacefully, avoiding the escalation of conflicts.
2. Human Rights Advocacy: The UN promotes human rights globally, setting international standards and overseeing their enforcement.
3. International Cooperation: It serves as a platform for global cooperation on issues like climate change, poverty, and health.

Quick Tip: International organizations like the UN help mediate global conflicts and foster collective action on pressing global challenges.

(b)

Solution: 1. End of Bipolarity: The end of the Cold War shifted the world from a bipolar
system dominated by the USA and the USSR to a unipolar world led by the United States. 2.
Emergence of New Powers: New powers like China and India have risen economically and
militarily, influencing global geopolitics. 3. Globalization: The post-Cold War period saw
increased global interconnectedness through trade, technology, and communication. 4.
Regional Conflicts and Terrorism: The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the rise of regional
conflicts, ethnic struggles, and the emergence of non-state actors like terrorist groups.

Quick Tip
The post-Cold War world has seen a shift from ideological rivalry to new challenges like terrorism, regional conflicts, and globalization.