UP Board Class 10 Social Science (Code 825 JA) Question Paper 2024 Available : Download Solution PDF With Answer Key

Otto von Bismarck was a German statesman who played a crucial role in the unification of Germany in 1871. He served as the first Chancellor of the German Empire and is known for his diplomacy and political strategy.

Bismarck’s leadership ensured Germany’s rise as a powerful empire, but his dismissal in 1890 led to new foreign policies that contributed to tensions before World War I. Quick Tip: Bismarck is often called the "Iron Chancellor" due to his leadership in German unification.

The French Revolution began in 1789 and marked the end of monarchy in France. It led to the rise of democracy and the spread of revolutionary ideas across Europe.

It was driven by economic crisis, social inequalities, and political discontent among the people. The revolution led to the abolition of feudal privileges, the establishment of a republic, and the promotion of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Quick Tip: The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, was a key event that symbolized the start of the revolution.

The Bretton Woods Conference was held in July 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. It led to the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to regulate global financial stability.

Despite its collapse, the IMF and World Bank remain influential institutions in global economic governance today. The Bretton Woods Conference was a turning point in shaping the modern financial and economic order. Quick Tip: The Bretton Woods system established fixed exchange rates and shaped the modern financial world.

Rinderpest was a highly contagious viral disease that affected cattle and other animals in Africa. It caused severe economic and agricultural disruptions before being eradicated in 2011.

The disease led to high mortality rates, severely impacting livestock populations, agriculture, and economies, especially in Africa, Asia, and Europe.

The eradication of rinderpest is considered a major achievement in veterinary science and global health efforts. Quick Tip: Rinderpest was one of the first diseases to be completely eradicated through vaccination.

'Hind Swaraj' was written by Mahatma Gandhi in 1909. The book expresses his vision of self-rule, non-violence, and the rejection of Western civilization in favor of Indian traditions.

Though controversial at the time, Hind Swaraj remains a philosophical and political guide that continues to influence discussions on self-rule, non-violence, and sustainable living. Quick Tip: Gandhi wrote 'Hind Swaraj' in Gujarati while traveling from London to South Africa.

In the Indian Constitution, residuary powers refer to subjects not mentioned in the Union List, State List, or Concurrent List. According to Article 248, these powers are given to the Union Government (Parliament).

Thus, residuary powers ensure legislative adaptability and allow the Union Government to address new and unforeseen issues effectively. Quick Tip: Unlike the USA, where residuary powers belong to the states, in India, they belong to the central government.

Democracy ensures a legitimate, transparent, and responsible government, where power is derived from the people. These qualities help in maintaining accountability, fairness, and representation in governance.

Thus, democracy is essential for a just, fair, and accountable government, ensuring that power remains in the hands of the people and governance serves their best interests. Quick Tip: A strong democracy thrives on legitimacy, transparency, and responsibility in governance.

The Union List consists of subjects on which only the Central Government can make laws. Defence is a national security matter and is exclusively under the jurisdiction of the Union Government.

Since Defence is a crucial part of national security, it falls exclusively under the Union Government’s jurisdiction, ensuring a strong, unified defense system for the entire country. Quick Tip: The Union List includes subjects like defence, foreign affairs, and atomic energy, which require national-level policies.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26th November 1949 but was enforced on 26th January 1950 to commemorate the Purna Swaraj Resolution passed in 1930.

The enforcement of the Constitution on this day marked the transition of India into a sovereign, democratic republic. The Constitution, drafted under the leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, became the supreme law of the land, ensuring justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity for all citizens.

Since then, 26th January is celebrated as Republic Day, symbolizing India’s commitment to democracy and self-governance. Quick Tip: 26th January is celebrated as Republic Day in India, marking the enforcement of the Constitution.

A democracy ensures the protection of minority rights along with majority rule. If majority rule is absolute and disregards minority opinions, it can lead to tyranny of the majority, which is against democratic principles.

To prevent this, democratic systems incorporate constitutional safeguards, fundamental rights, independent judiciary, and checks and balances to ensure that no group is unfairly marginalized. Quick Tip: A well-functioning democracy balances majority rule with the protection of minority rights.

Terrace farming is practiced in hilly regions where land is steeply sloped. Uttarakhand, being part of the Himalayan region, utilizes terrace farming to prevent soil erosion and efficiently use land for cultivation.

Thus, terrace farming is essential for sustainable agriculture in regions like Uttarakhand, where it helps protect the environment while ensuring productive farming in challenging landscapes. Quick Tip: Terrace farming is common in hilly areas like the Himalayas and Western Ghats.

Plantation agriculture involves large-scale commercial farming of crops grown mainly for export. Coffee is a plantation crop, cultivated in tropical regions with high rainfall and altitude.

Thus, plantation agriculture plays a key role in the global economy, with crops like coffee being essential for trade, employment, and industrial growth in many countries. Quick Tip: Other plantation crops include tea, rubber, and cocoa.

Iron ore is a fundamental raw material used in industries, particularly in steel production. It is an essential basic mineral that supports infrastructure and economic development.

Thus, iron ore remains a critical resource for modern industries, economic progress, and global development. Quick Tip: India is one of the leading producers of iron ore, with large reserves in Odisha and Jharkhand.

Non-conventional energy resources are renewable and sustainable. Solar energy is a form of non-conventional energy obtained from the sun and is widely used for electricity generation through solar panels.

With advancements in solar panel technology and government incentives, solar power is becoming a key contributor to global energy production, supporting the shift towards a cleaner and greener future. Quick Tip: Other examples of non-conventional energy sources include wind energy, geothermal energy, and tidal energy.

Bengaluru is known as the Silicon Valley of India due to its dominance in the IT and electronics industry. The city is home to numerous software companies, research institutions, and start-ups.

The presence of prestigious institutions like the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) further boosts its reputation as a center for scientific research and development. Quick Tip: Bengaluru is also a hub for aerospace and biotechnology industries in India.

Road transport is the most widely used mode of transportation in India, covering both urban and rural areas. The National Highways and State Highways connect different regions, facilitating trade and daily commutes. Quick Tip: India has the second-largest road network in the world after the USA.

The secondary sector includes industries involved in manufacturing, processing, and construction. This sector transforms raw materials from the primary sector into finished goods.

It also covers construction activities like building bridges, roads, and infrastructure projects. The secondary sector generates employment opportunities, promotes industrialization, and contributes significantly to a nation's GDP and economic progress. Quick Tip: The secondary sector is crucial for economic growth, generating employment and exports.

According to the Human Development Index (HDI) 2018, Sri Lanka had the highest rank among the listed countries due to its higher literacy rate, better healthcare system, and improved living standards.

Additionally, Sri Lanka’s higher per capita income, better access to basic services, and lower poverty levels contributed to its superior HDI ranking compared to its neighbors. These factors make Sri Lanka one of the most developed nations in South Asia in terms of human development and quality of life. Quick Tip: HDI measures life expectancy, education level, and income per capita to assess human development.

National Consumer Day is observed on 24th December every year in India to highlight the importance of consumer rights. This date marks the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, which aims to safeguard consumers from unfair trade practices.

Various campaigns, workshops, and awareness programs are conducted across the country to educate consumers and promote fair market practices, ensuring a transparent and consumer-friendly economy. Quick Tip: Consumer rights include right to safety, right to information, right to choice, and right to redressal.

Multinational Companies (MNCs) often invest in foreign markets through takeovers of local companies. This approach allows MNCs to quickly gain control of local operations, access market share, and leverage existing infrastructure, thereby reducing entry barriers in new markets. Quick Tip: MNCs prefer takeovers to gain quick access to local markets, rather than starting from scratch or partnering with local firms.

The Great Depression (1929-1939) had severe consequences for the Indian economy, which was under British colonial rule at that time. Some major effects included:

1. Decline in Agricultural Prices: Indian farmers suffered as the prices of cash crops like wheat and jute plummeted due to falling global demand.

2. Unemployment and Poverty: The economic downturn led to massive job losses in industries and a decline in wages, worsening rural distress.

3. Reduction in Foreign Trade: India's exports and imports dropped significantly, especially in agricultural and textile goods, weakening its economic standing.

4. Increase in Peasant Debt: Many farmers had taken loans to grow crops but were unable to repay them due to declining incomes, leading to land dispossession. Quick Tip: The Great Depression highlighted India's economic dependence on global markets and the exploitative nature of British colonial policies.

The Great Depression was the most severe economic crisis of the 20th century, affecting countries worldwide. The key causes include:

1. Stock Market Crash (1929): The sudden collapse of the New York Stock Exchange on October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) wiped out billions of dollars in wealth.

2. Bank Failures: Many banks, unable to recover loans, collapsed, causing people to lose their savings and reducing the circulation of money.

3. Reduction in Consumer Spending: High unemployment and declining wages led to lower demand for goods, further damaging industries.

4. Decline in International Trade: The introduction of protectionist policies like the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) restricted global trade, worsening the crisis. Quick Tip: The Great Depression led to major economic reforms, including the New Deal policies in the USA to revive the economy.

A responsible government is a system where the executive branch is accountable to the legislature and the public. In a democracy, it ensures that government actions align with public interests and are subject to parliamentary scrutiny.

Key features of a responsible government:

1. Collective Responsibility – The Council of Ministers is accountable for its decisions.

2. Checks and Balances – Ensures the government follows constitutional principles.

3. Public Representation – Decisions reflect the will of the people.

4. Transparency & Accountability – Leaders are responsible for policy outcomes. Quick Tip: A responsible government can be removed by a vote of no confidence, ensuring accountability.

Political parties play a crucial role in a democratic system. Their key functions include:

1. Policy Formulation – They create economic, social, and political policies.

2. Public Representation – Act as a link between people and the government.

3. Election Participation – Select candidates and contest elections.

4. Government Formation – Winning parties form the government and enforce policies.

Political parties also help in shaping public opinion and ensuring political stability. Quick Tip: Political parties in a democracy can be single-party, two-party, or multi-party systems.

Energy is essential for economic growth and industrialization. Two main reasons include:

1. Industrial Development: Energy powers factories, machinery, and production units, making large-scale manufacturing possible.

2. Infrastructure Growth: Energy is required for transportation, electricity, and communication networks, which are the backbone of a growing economy.

Without a reliable energy supply, economic activities slow down, affecting overall progress. Quick Tip: Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are being promoted for sustainable development.

Transportation and communication are essential for economic and social integration. Two key reasons:

1. Economic Connectivity: Efficient transport helps in trade, commerce, and movement of goods, boosting industries.

2. Social & Political Integration: Communication networks connect different regions, ensuring the flow of information and governance.

These factors make them the lifeline of a nation, supporting development and unity. Quick Tip: Efficient transportation and communication reduce regional disparities and promote national integration.

A good market refers to an efficient economic system where buyers and sellers can interact freely, leading to fair trade and economic growth. Two essential characteristics of a good market are:

1. Transparency and Fair Pricing: A good market ensures equal access to information for both buyers and sellers. This helps in setting fair prices based on demand and supply without manipulation.

2. Availability of Goods and Services: An efficient market has a continuous supply of goods and services to meet consumer demand. Proper infrastructure and logistics help in smooth transactions and minimal shortages.

A well-regulated market system benefits both consumers and businesses, leading to economic stability and growth. Quick Tip: A competitive market ensures better quality, pricing, and availability of goods for consumers.

Multinational companies (MNCs) invest in India through various methods to expand their business and utilize India's large consumer base and workforce. Some common methods include:

1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): MNCs establish subsidiaries or joint ventures with Indian firms, leading to capital inflow, technology transfer, and job creation.

2. Mergers and Acquisitions: Many MNCs acquire or merge with Indian companies to strengthen their market position and gain access to local expertise.

3. Franchising and Licensing: Some MNCs grant franchises to Indian businesses, allowing them to sell products under their brand while maintaining local ownership.

These investments help India’s economy by boosting employment, enhancing technological growth, and increasing GDP. Quick Tip: FDI in India is regulated under Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives to promote local production.

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in response to British repression and injustice. It aimed at attaining Swaraj (self-rule) through non-violent means.

### Causes:

1. Rowlatt Act (1919): Allowed detention without trial, leading to mass protests.

2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): The brutal killing of innocent Indians intensified anti-British sentiments.

3. Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): Support for the Ottoman Caliphate united Hindus and Muslims against British rule.

### Effects:

1. Boycott of British Goods: Schools, courts, and British goods were boycotted, weakening colonial authority.

2. Strengthening of Nationalism: People from all sections of society actively participated.

3. Increased Repression: British authorities arrested leaders and suppressed protests.

4. Suspension of the Movement: Gandhi withdrew the movement after the Chauri Chaura incident (1922). Quick Tip: The Non-Cooperation Movement marked India's first mass political struggle under Gandhi’s leadership.

Nationalism in India grew as a response to British colonial oppression and economic exploitation. The main reasons were:

1. Economic Exploitation: British policies drained Indian wealth, leading to poverty and famine.

2. Western Education: Spread of modern ideas like liberty and democracy inspired national consciousness.

3. Press & Literature: Newspapers like Kesari and Amrita Bazar Patrika spread nationalist ideas.

4. British Racial Discrimination: Indians faced social and political discrimination, leading to resentment.

5. Formation of the Indian National Congress (1885): Provided a political platform to fight for independence.

These factors united people against colonial rule, eventually leading to India’s freedom struggle. Quick Tip: The Partition of Bengal (1905) acted as a major trigger for mass protests and nationalism.

Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and regional units (states or provinces).

### Features of a Federal System:

1. Dual Government: Two levels of governance—central and state governments.

2. Division of Powers: Powers are constitutionally distributed between the center and states.

3. Independent Judiciary: A Supreme Court ensures constitutional supremacy.

4. Bicameral Legislature: Presence of two houses ensures regional representation.

India follows cooperative federalism, where both levels work together for national progress. Quick Tip: The Government of India Act (1935) laid the foundation for federalism in India.

Democracy is considered the best form of government because it ensures equal participation and protects fundamental rights.

### Reasons why democracy is better:

1. People’s Participation: Citizens elect their representatives, making the government accountable.

2. Protection of Rights: Freedom of speech, religion, and equality are guaranteed.

3. Rule of Law: No one is above the law in a democracy, ensuring justice and fairness.

4. Encourages Development: Economic and social progress is faster due to inclusive policies.

5. Prevents Dictatorship: Unlike autocracy, democracy allows freedom of choice and dissent.

Democracy promotes peace, stability, and progress, making it a widely accepted system of governance. Quick Tip: Countries with strong democracies have higher human development and economic prosperity.

Soil erosion is the process by which the top layer of fertile soil is removed due to natural forces like wind, water, and human activities such as deforestation.

### Measures of Soil Conservation:

1. Afforestation: Planting trees helps in holding soil firmly and reducing erosion.

2. Contour Plowing: Plowing along the natural contours of land reduces water runoff.

3. Terrace Farming: Creating steps on hilly terrains prevents soil wash-off.

4. Controlled Grazing: Restricting overgrazing by animals maintains vegetation cover.

5. Use of Cover Crops: Growing crops like legumes protects soil from direct impact of rainfall.

Implementing these measures ensures soil fertility and sustainable agriculture. Quick Tip: Soil erosion leads to loss of agricultural productivity and affects food security.

Coarse grains like millets, sorghum, and maize are important for nutrition and food security. Measures to increase production include:

1. Improved Irrigation Facilities: Ensuring adequate water supply for crop growth.

2. Use of Hybrid Seeds: High-yielding varieties improve productivity.

3. Adoption of Modern Techniques: Drip irrigation and precision farming enhance efficiency.

4. Government Support: Providing minimum support price (MSP) encourages farmers.

5. Awareness Programs: Educating farmers on scientific methods and organic farming.

Promoting coarse grains helps in climate resilience and nutrition security. Quick Tip: Coarse grains require less water and are more drought-resistant than other crops.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure of a country’s social and economic development. It was introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

### Major Components of HDI:

1. Life Expectancy at Birth: Measures the health and longevity of people.

2. Education Index: Based on literacy rate and average years of schooling.

3. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita: Represents the economic well-being of citizens.

HDI is used to compare quality of life across nations and helps in policy-making. Quick Tip: Norway, Switzerland, and Ireland ranked highest in HDI 2023.

Workers in unorganised sectors face social discrimination due to lack of job security and legal protections. Three major reasons are:

1. Low Wages and Exploitation: Workers are paid below minimum wage without benefits.

2. Lack of Social Security: No healthcare, pensions, or employment benefits.

3. Poor Working Conditions: Many work in unsafe environments without job stability.

These issues make them vulnerable to poverty and marginalization. Quick Tip: More than 90% of India’s workforce is engaged in unorganised sectors.

The Madras Session of 1927 was a significant event in India’s independence struggle.

- Location: Madras (now Chennai, Tamil Nadu)

- Presided by: Dr. M.A. Ansari

- Key Decisions: Passed reSolution against British policies, especially regarding the Simon Commission. Quick Tip: The Simon Commission (1927) was boycotted by Indians because it lacked Indian representation.

The Dandi March (1930) was a civil disobedience movement against British-imposed salt taxes.

- Location: Dandi (Gujarat)

- Led by: Mahatma Gandhi

- Significance: Gandhi walked 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi and broke the British Salt Law. Quick Tip: The Dandi March triggered nationwide protests, marking the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919) was a tragic event in India's fight for independence.

- Location: Amritsar (Punjab)

- Date: April 13, 1919

- Key Event: General Dyer ordered mass firing on peaceful protesters, leading to thousands of casualties. Quick Tip: The massacre led to widespread outrage, pushing Gandhi to start the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920).

The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Gandhi’s first Satyagraha against British oppression.

- Location: Champaran (Bihar)

- Issue: British forced farmers to grow indigo instead of food crops.

- Outcome: Gandhi’s non-violent protest led to abolition of forced cultivation. Quick Tip: This movement marked Gandhi’s entry into Indian politics as a mass leader.

The Lahore Session (1929) played a key role in India’s independence movement.

- Location: Lahore (now in Pakistan)

- Presided by: Jawaharlal Nehru

- Key Decision: Passed the resolution for Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence).

- Date of Declaration: January 26, 1930 was declared Independence Day. Quick Tip: January 26 later became the official Republic Day of India (1950).

West Bengal is home to Sundarbans National Park, which is a famous wildlife sanctuary and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

- Location: Sundarbans, West Bengal

- Significance:

- It is the largest mangrove forest in the world.

- Home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and various species of birds and reptiles. Quick Tip: Sundarbans is one of the largest reserves for Bengal Tigers in the world.

One of the major seaports on the eastern coast of India is Chennai Port.

- Location: Chennai, Tamil Nadu

- Significance:

- It is one of the largest artificial ports in India.

- A major hub for export and import trade in South India. Quick Tip: Chennai Port is one of the oldest ports in India, operational since 1881.

The Aravalli Range is a major mountain range located in Rajasthan.

- Location: Aravalli Hills, Rajasthan

- Significance:

- One of the oldest fold mountains in the world.

- Acts as a natural barrier protecting western Rajasthan from desertification. Quick Tip: Mount Gurushikhar (1,722m) is the highest peak in the Aravalli Range.

The Keonjhar district in Odisha is one of the leading iron-ore producing regions in India.

- Location: Keonjhar, Odisha

- Significance:

- Major iron ore deposits found in Barbil and Joda areas.

- Odisha contributes over 50% of India's total iron ore production. Quick Tip: Keonjhar’s Barbil and Joda mines are key contributors to India’s steel industry.

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is one of the largest dams built on the Narmada River.

- Location: Gujarat (Near Navagam)

- Significance:

- Provides irrigation, hydroelectric power, and drinking water.

- Benefits Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Quick Tip: Sardar Sarovar Dam is a part of the Narmada Valley Development Project.

The 1927 session of the Indian National Congress was held in Madras (now Chennai, Tamil Nadu).

- Presided by: Dr. M.A. Ansari

- Key Decisions:

- Rejected the Simon Commission (1927)

- Introduced the Resolution on Fundamental Rights

- Advocated for complete independence (Purna Swaraj) Quick Tip: The rejection of the Simon Commission led to mass protests across India, strengthening nationalist movements.

Mahatma Gandhi broke the British Salt Law on April 6, 1930, in Dandi (Gujarat).

- Event: Dandi March (March 12 - April 6, 1930)

- Significance: Marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement against British rule.

- Impact: Inspired mass protests across the country. Quick Tip: Gandhi and his followers walked 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in 24 days.

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre took place in Amritsar district (Punjab) on April 13, 1919.

- Event: General Dyer ordered open fire on a peaceful gathering.

- Casualties: Over 1,000 people were killed and many more injured.

- Impact: Led to nationwide anger and the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920). Quick Tip: The Hunter Commission was set up to investigate the massacre, but no British officials were punished.

The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Mahatma Gandhi’s first major Satyagraha in India.

- Location: Champaran, Bihar

- Reason: British forced farmers to cultivate indigo instead of food crops.

- Outcome: The British abolished the system, marking India’s first successful Satyagraha. Quick Tip: The success of Champaran Satyagraha established Gandhi as a mass leader in India.

The 1929 session of the Indian National Congress was held in Lahore (now in Pakistan).

- Presided by: Jawaharlal Nehru

- Key Decisions:

- Passed the Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Resolution

- Declared January 26, 1930, as Independence Day Quick Tip: January 26 later became Republic Day of India in 1950, when the Constitution was adopted.

The Sundarbans National Park is a famous wildlife sanctuary in West Bengal.

- Location: Sundarbans, West Bengal

- Significance:

- It is the largest mangrove forest in the world.

- Home to the Royal Bengal Tiger and various bird and reptile species. Quick Tip: The Sundarbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its ecological importance.

The Chennai Port is one of the major seaports on the eastern coast of India.

- Location: Chennai, Tamil Nadu

- Significance:

- It is India’s second-largest port and a major hub for exports and imports.

- Plays a crucial role in South India’s economy. Quick Tip: Chennai Port is one of the oldest artificial ports in India, operational since 1881.

The Aravalli Range is the most significant mountain range in Rajasthan.

- Location: Extends across Rajasthan, Haryana, and Gujarat

- Significance:

- One of the oldest fold mountains in the world.

- Acts as a natural barrier against desertification in western Rajasthan. Quick Tip: Mount Gurushikhar (1,722m) is the highest peak in the Aravalli Range.

The Keonjhar district in Odisha is a leading iron-ore producing region in India.

- Location: Keonjhar, Odisha

- Significance:

- Major iron ore deposits found in Barbil and Joda areas.

- Odisha contributes over 50% of India’s total iron ore production. Quick Tip: Keonjhar’s Barbil and Joda mines are key contributors to India’s steel industry.

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is one of the largest dams built on the Narmada River.

- Location: Gujarat (Near Navagam)

- Significance:

- Provides irrigation, hydroelectric power, and drinking water.

- Benefits Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. Quick Tip: The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a part of the Narmada Valley Development Project.