The NCERT Solutions for class 11 Biology Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom

Kingdom Plantae includes all the plants. They are eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic organisms. The plant cell contains a rigid cell wall. Plants have chloroplast and chlorophyll pigment, which is required for photosynthesis. R.H. Whittaker introduced the Five Kingdom classification for living organisms by categorizing living organisms based on multiple characteristics such as cellular structure, mode of nutrition, body organization, reproduction, phylogenetic relationship, etc. These five kingdoms were Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. 

• Algae

Algae are plant-like organisms that are usually photosynthetic and aquatic, however, do not have true roots, stems, leaves, or vascular tissue and have simple reproductive structures.

• Bryophyta

They are the most diverse group with more than 10,000 plant species on the earth’s surface. They constitute the simplest plant phyla. This phylum comprises mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Regarding physical appearance, mosses are small and inconspicuous.

• Phylum Pteridophyta

It comprises almost 12,000 (with over two-thirds tropical) species of true ferns and their allies. Pteridophytes are seedless plants. This classification of plants produces spores that are located under their leaves and are known as sporophylls.

• Gymnosperms

As compared to the other plant phyla, gymnosperms are the tallest, the thickest, and the oldest living plants. They are widely distributed on the earth's surface but generally dominate the temperate and arctic regions. Members of this phylum include pines, hemlocks, firs, and spruces, where all the members are characterized by having wood, and green needle-like or scale-like foliage.

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