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Biological Classification is the process of a grouping of organisms on the basis of similar characteristics. Aristotle classified plants into herbs, shrubs and trees and animals into two groups. Linnaeus classified organisms into Plantae and Animalia. R.H. Whittaker gave the Five Kingdom system of classification. He classified organisms into Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
Monera:
- It contains prokaryotic unicellular organisms.
- It includes bacteria, mycoplasma, archaebacteria, and eubacteria.
- Asexual reproduction is due to binary fission and endospore formation and sexual reproduction by DNA transfer.
Prokaryotic cell
Protista:
- They are unicellular eukaryotes.
- The cell consists of a true nucleus and membranous organelles.
- They include protozoa, Myxomycetes, Chrysophyta, Dinoflagellata, and Euglenoidea.
Amoeba
Fungi:
- They are non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
- The filamentous structures are called hyphae, A mass of hyphae is called mycelium.
- The cell wall of hyphae is made up of chitin. The reserve food is in the form of glycogen.
- They are saprophytes, symbionts and parasites.
Plantae
- They consist of chlorophyllous autotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
- The cell is made up of cellulose. The reserve food material is starch,
- It includes Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Animalia
- They consist of non-chlorophyllous heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
- They lack a cell wall.
MCQs on Biological Classification
Ques. Who proposed a two-kingdom system of classification?
- Linnaeus
- Bentham and Hooker.
- Aristotle
- RH Whittaker.
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Ans: a) Linnaeus
Explanation: Linnaeus started classifying organisms on a systematic basis. He introduced two-kingdom classification - Plantae and Animalia. He is considered the father of taxonomy. He introduced binomial nomenclature - giving two names to each species.
Ques. Who proposed the five-kingdom classification?
- Linnaeus
- Bentham and Hooker.
- Aristotle
- RH Whittaker.
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Ans: d) RH Whittaker
Explanation: Robert Harding Whittaker was an American taxonomist, who proposed the five-kingdom taxonomic classification in 1969. He followed phylogenetic lineage and put different organisms into closely related categories. His five kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Ques. Which of the following is a correct match?
- Methanogens - hot water springs
- Thermophiles - saline soils
- Halophiles - seawater
- Archaebacteria - favourable conditions
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Ans: c) seawater
Explanation: Methanogens live in the guts of herbivorous animals, thermophiles in hot water springs, halophiles in seawater and archaebacteria in extreme environmental conditions.
Ques. Which of the following is a wrong match?
- Eubacteria - Monera
- Nostoc - Cyanobacteria
- Aspergillus - Alga
- Riccia - Bryophyte
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Ans: c) Aspergillus - Alga
Explanation: Aspergillus is a fungus. It belongs to Ascomycetes. It is used in the industrial production of citric acid. All other matchings are correct.
Ques. What is the right description for fungi?
- Non-chlorophyllous, heterotrophic, and eukaryotic organisms.
- Chlorophyllous, heterotrophic, and eukaryotic organisms.
- Non-chlorophyllous, heterotrophic, and prokaryotic organisms.
- Chlorophyllous, autotrophic, and eukaryotic organisms.
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Ans: a) Non-chlorophyllous, heterotrophic, and eukaryotic organisms.
Explanation: Fungi do not have chlorophyll, so they are non-chlorophyllous. They cannot prepare their own food, so they are heterotrophic. They have a true nucleus in the cell, so they are eukaryotic.
Ques. Which of the following kingdoms contains unicellular organisms with a true nucleus?
- Monera
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
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Ans: b) Protista
Explanation: Protists are unicellular organisms with true nuclei. Unicellular means single-celled. They are eukaryotic organisms because of the presence of a true nucleus. Some of the protists are Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium. Plasmodium.
Ques. Which of the following organisms have chloroplasts in their cells?
- Animalia
- Protista
- Monera
- Bryophyta
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Ans: d) Bryophyta
Explanation: Bryophyta has less advanced plants. It includes mosses and ferns. Just like other plants, they have cells with cellulose cell walls and chloroplasts. They are autotrophs because of the presence of chloroplasts.
Ques. What is not true regarding plants
- They have cellulose cell walls.
- Chloroplast consists of chlorophyll.
- Reserve food material is starch.
- All of the above.
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Ans: d) All of the above.
Explanation: Plants are chlorophyllous, autotrophic. Eukaryotic organisms. The cells are surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose. In the cytoplasm chloroplasts with chlorophyll present. Food is stored in the form of starch.
Ques. Which of the following is the wrong pair?
- Eubacteria - Bacillus
- Archaebacteria - Methanogens
- Cyanobacteria - Nostoc
- Chemotrophic bacteria - Anabaena
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Ans: d) Chemotrophic bacteria - Anabaena
Explanation: Bacillus is a rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to Eubacteria. Methanogens are bacteria that live in the guts of animals (extreme conditions), so they belong to archaebacteria. Anabaena and Nostoc are nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae, cyanobacteria.
Ques. Which of the following represent flowering plants?
- Bryophytes
- Pteridophytes
- Phanerogams
- Cryptogams
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Ans: c) Phanerogams
Explanation: Bryophytes and pteridophytes are cryptogams because they consist of hidden sex organs. Phanerogams are flowering plants. They are gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Ques. Which of the following is not the feature of animals?
- Absence of ribosomes
- Absence of cellulose cell wall
- Presence of centrioles
- Presence of mitochondria
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Ans: a) Absence of ribosomes
Explanation: Animals do not have a cell wall, a large vacuole, and chloroplasts in their body cells. They have all the other organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies. They have ribosomes also for protein synthesis. The presence of centrioles is their characteristic feature.
Ques. What is/are present in plants, but absent in fungi?
- Chitinous cell wall
- Glycogen granules
- Photosynthetic pigments
- Centrioles.
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Ans: c) Photosynthetic pigments
Explanation: Chitinous cell walls and glycogen granules are characteristic features of fungi. The presence of cellulose cell walls, chloroplasts, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll), and big vacuoles are characteristic features of plants.
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