Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory

Ans. The three examples of scientific theories are:

• The heliocentric theory - Nicolaus Copernicus’s theory illustrates that the earth revolves around the sun.
• The theory of general relativity - Albert Einstein's theory claims that large objects create a malformation in space-time, which is encountered as gravity.
• The Big Bang theory - This theory dictates that the universe began as a small singularity 13.8 billion years ago and it extended suddenly.

Ans. Various steps of theory are as follows.

• Observation - Observation is used for professional and personal experience both. It uplifts extensive reading so that one can be able to understand that observation is just an effect not the cause. 
• Description - Description offers surface view to smoothen better understanding. It signifies what appears to be occurring at that point. 
• Reading - Reading is an important aspect which provokes reading from various sources to gain information. It allows placing useful data and information in context.
• Research - Research is done to explore questions and test questions that have happened. For natural scientists, research includes scientific experimentation in a controlled manner.

Ans. Both the theory and law must have rational, logical, scientifically testable conclusions with existing experimental proof. Valid scientific laws are more valuable than scientific theories. Theory explains how a machinery is working and law explains what the machinery will do under certain conditions. 

Ans. Models can be provided after the creation of theories, but there exists a situation where models can be created before the theories. There can also exist a case in which models create theories, that in turn, lead to the formulation of another model for a confirmation of a theory.

Ans. Functions of hypothesis are -

• Hypothesis helps in the verification of the observations. 
• It helps in the making of inquiries in the right direction.
• It is the beginning point of any investigation.
• It helps in building an experiment or observation possible.

Ans. Theories are developed through the process of scientific methods. Observation and research result in a hypothesis, which is then tested to become a theory. Scientists continuously gather proofs regarding scientific theories to improve their overall accuracy.

Ans. A theory is a systematic way of grasping events, behaviors and situations. It is a set of interrelated concepts that predicts events or situations by specifying the relationship among the variables. In everyday use, theory is a guess without any supporting evidence or proof. A theory is a well considered explanation of an aspect of the natural world that can include laws, hypothesis, facts etc. 

Ans. A scientific fact is considered as an objective and verified observation, in comparison with the hypothesis or theory intended to describe or interpret facts. Various scholars have offered significant refinements to this type of basic formulation.

Ans. According to this theory:

1. There has been gradual evolution of life forms with new forms arising at different periods of history.
2. Populations of all organisms have variations in characteristics, which make them adapt better to the environment.
3. Some of these characteristics enable individuals to survive better in natural conditions and reproduce. This is called survival of the fittest.
4. The organisms which adapt well in the environment will be selected by nature and will survive more in nature. This is called natural selection.
5. Adaptability is inherited and fitness is the end result of ability to adapt and get selected by nature.
6. Natural selection is based on Limited natural resources, Varying characteristics in members of a population, Inherited Variations.

Ans. Theories of the origin of life were given by different thinkers and scientists.

• Theory of special creation states that God created life by his divine act of creation.
• Theory of panspermia/cosmozoic theory, given by early Greek thinkers states that the spores or panspermia came from outer space and developed into living forms.
• Theory of spontaneous generation states that life originated from decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud, etc.
• Louis Pasteur rejected the theory of spontaneous generation and demonstrated that life came from pre-existing life. In his experiment, he kept dead yeast cells in a pre-sterilised flask and another flask open into the air. Life did not evolve in the former but new living organisms evolved in the second flask.
• Theory of chemical evolution or Oparin-Haldane theory states that life originated from pre-existing non-living organic molecules and that formation of life was preceded by chemical evolution.